1. Early Middle Ages

2. Geography
Rivers are important because they make trade easier and provide a natural boundary and barrier that protects from war.
The Celts were living in Southeastern Britain when the Angles and the Saxons invaded. They fled into the mountains

4. Clovis
The Franks became Catholic because Clovis converted after a promise and a winning battle. He won support of Romans living in the area as well.

5. Battle of Tours Stopped Muslim advance into Europe.
Helped keep Christianity the major religion in Europe

6. Charles Martel
The Hammer
Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours

7. Charlemagne Crowned new Roman emperor in 800 A. D.
He was concerned because he did not want the people to think that the Pope had all the power or the power to decide who was emperor.

8. Local Power In A.D. 800 power transferred to nobles
At center of feudal territory was noble’s castle or fortress.
Lords granted land called a fief for service in the army.
Serfs were the lord’s workers. They could not be sold, nor could their small parcels of land be taken by the lord

10. Knights
Knights swore loyalty to one lord, and then the emperor or King.
The invention of the stirrup allowed knights to ride horses.

11. Serfs The lord’s workers
Granted small parcels of land which could not be taken away.
Serfs could be free if they ran away and lived in towns for more than one year
The invention of the horse collar improved farming because horses could plow much faster than oxen.

12. Townspeople Only men could be citizens of medieval towns.
Pollution was a big problem
Women ran the household, raised the children, managed the family’s money, and sometimes helped their husbands with their trades.

13. Vikings Came from Scandinavia Lived in villages among fjords
Little farmland
Norsemen- Northmen
Skilled sailors of long boats
Survive rough seas
Navigate rivers

14. Vikings 700s and 800s began raiding Europe
Probably because the land could not support the population
Viking means raiding
Normandy was part of France that the Vikings conquered

15. Otto I (ODO?) Declared Holy Roman Emperor
He sent troops to Italy to protect the pope and defeat the Magyars.
His territory was known as the Holy Roman Empire

16. Pope Gregory the Great Wanted all of Europe to become Christian
Monasteries were a place of rest for travelers
places of education, and hospitals

17. Gregory V Gregory VII
Wanted to stop nobles and kings from interfering in church.
angered Henry IV, who refused to obey
Henry was excommunicated
Nobles defended Pope, Henry backed down.
Stood barefoot in the snow asking to be forgiven

19. Concordat of Worms Agreement between the pope and Holy Roman Emperor
Only pope can choose bishops
Only emperor could give bishops jobs in government