1. The Respiratory System

2. Overall Functions
To dissolve O2 gas into the blood so that it can reach all the cells
To Remove CO2 waste products from the blood and excrete them
Filter, warm and humidify air
Allow for sound production
Involved in regulating blood pH

3. Structure of Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Bronchial tree segments
Lungs

4. The Upper Respiratory Tract

5. The Nose Exterior portion of the nose is made of cartilage and bone
Internal nose rests on the palatine bones of the mouth
When these two bones do not meet you get a cleft palate
The cribriform plate separates the nasal cavity from the brain
It is perforated to allow olfactory nerves to reach the brain
The septum separates the two sides of the nose
It is highly vascular thus susceptable to nosebleeds (epistaxis)

6. The Nose The nostrils are also referred to as anterior nares
Vibrissae are coarse hairs which line the vestibule (inner part of nostril)
The vestibule is covered with many sebaceous and sweat glands
Respiratory mucosa lines the inside of the nasal cavity

7. Nasal Sinuses Air-containing spaces that drain into the nasal cavity
They are lined with respiratory mucosa which helps to moisten air
The maxillary sinuses are the largest
Sinuses serve as resonating chambers for speech

8. Pharynx “throat” Extends from base of skull to the esophagus
Composed of smooth muscle
3 parts
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Is part of respiratory and digestive systems

9. Openings of the Pharynx
Right and left Eustachian tubes
Mouth
Two Posterior nares
Laryngopharynx opening
Opening to esophagus

10. Larynx “voice box” Starts at root of tongue and upper part of trachea
Lined with ciliated mucosa membranes to filter out particulate matter
Vocal cords(glottids) make up the most narrow part of the larynx, the opening is called the rima glottidis

11. Cartilage of the Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Is larger in men and has less fat covering it
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage that moves up and down during swallowing to prevent food from entering larynx

12. The Lower Respiratory Tract

13. Trachea “windpipe” Extends from larynx to bronchi
Made of smooth muscle embedded in incomplete c-shaped ring
Cartilage rings keep airway from collapsing

14. Bronchi and Alveoli Trachea splits to form two bronchi
Bronchi enter lungs and branch further into secondary bronchi which then branch into tertiary bronchioles.
All these branches are referred to as the bronchial tree
Bronchioles further divide into alveolar ducts that terminate in alveolar sacs containing numerous alveoli

15. Alveoli Structure
Each alveolus is extremely thin-walled and lies in contact with capillaries
Gases are exchanged across the respiratory membrane
Alveoli are lined with surfactant that reduces surface tension to prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Air is thoroughly cleaned and warmed by the nose and mucus linings before reaching the alveoli

16. The Lungs Bronchi enter each lung through a small slit called a hilum
The right lung is divided into three lobes by the horizontal fissure and oblique fissure
The left is divided into two lobes by the oblique fissure

17. Function of the Lungs
Respiratory membrane provides enormous surface area where thin-walled alveoli come into contact with thin-walled capillaries
This surface area allows for large amounts of gas to be exchanged very rapidly.
What type of cells make up lung tissue???