1. Liverpool Where were these photos taken?
Discuss the changes shown in the photos.
What factors led to these changes?
Picture s
Picture
Picture

2. Regenerating Places: How Liverpool has changed.

3. Learning Outcomes EQ1: How and why do places vary?
Content
By the end of the lesson we will be able to explain ways in which we can measure the changes within an area, using key geographical factors such as ‘function’ and ‘IMD’, and we will being to identify key reasons for the changes to Liverpool.
Process
We will do this by completing some reading activities which look at Liverpool’s changes and doing some computer work into the IMD.
Skill
Interpretation of oral accounts of the values and lived experiences of places from different interest groups and ethnic communities.
Use of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) database to understand variations in levels and types of deprivation.

4. Key Terms and Meanings Key word Meaning Function
The role a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some, usually larger places offer regional, national or even global functions. Functions may grow, disappear and change over time. There is a hierarchy according to size and number of functions.
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
The official measure of relative deprivation in England. It includes income, employment, health deprivation & disability, education skills & training, barriers to housing & services, crime and living environment.

5. Measuring Changes
Geographers measure changes within places using four main key methods:
Land-use change
Employment trends
Demographic changes
Levels of deprivation
Measuring change can be carried out by quantitative indicators such as land-use maps and census data, but also through qualitative surveys and anecdotal oral histories, which breather life into studies of places, which, after all, are created by people!

6. How has Liverpool changed?
Last lesson, we looked at generic reasons for places changing, and considered the following:
Your task is to find out the key reasons that Liverpool has changed. What factors influenced the changes to the North West. Read the two information sheets and record your notes into the four sub-titles below.
Physical factors
Accessibility and Connectedness
Historical Development
Local and National planning

7. What is the IMD?

8. The Index of Multiple Deprivation
This a measure used by central governments and local authorities to target regeneration aid, to allocate resources to places and people using recorded data. I.e. areas with low GCSE results or areas with high crime.
Places are ranked by their level of deprivation. This is a relative measure only- not all people in a ‘deprived’ area may be deprived and we may find deprived people in affluent areas.
In the IMD measure, the country is plie into 32,844 areas, with approximately 1500 residents in each.
37 indicators are used to measure the deprivation level, which are grouped into 7 categories including income, employment, health and education.
The IMD generally finds that deprivation is found in major cities, typically areas which have historically had large heavy industry e.g. Middlesbrough and Liverpool.

10. How is the IMD used as a tool to measure levels of deprivation?
Find our local area IMD data at:-
Screenshot the IMD for the following areas: Toxteth , Liverpool and (as a contrasting area) Kensington & Chelsea.
Describe the differences in levels of deprivation within and between these areas.
Explain some of the reasons for these differences.

11. Example of oral history
Not many "Well off" people lived there. Anyone who had a few bob did not live on the Bridgefield Estate. Only the sheer determination and hard work helped many of those poorer families to survive the hardships they endured. I remember even as a child life was tough then, but there was a great sense of social cohesion and a wonderful feeling of community, and unlike to-day you really did have a genuine sense of safety. They always helped, respected, and trusted one other, no one was ever left alone particularly in time of need, and believe me, that was more often than not.

12. Reasons for functional and demographic changes
Classify each of the following examples into one of the 4 categories on the worksheet on page 23 of your booklets;
(1)Physical,
(2)accessibility/connectedness,
(3)historical development or
(4)Planning
Can you think of other examples to add from the fieldtrip?
Ageing population, declining household size, growth of EU enabling immigration, globalisation leading to deindustrialisation of northern cities and a downward spiral for some places.

13. Applying these ideas How have these ideas affected Stockport?
Liverpool?
Use Pages in the textbook to help you

14. Stockport (1)Physical, (2)accessibility/connectedness,
(3)historical development or
(4)Planning

15. Stockport
(1)Physical; location close to Manchester, close to Peak District, River Mersey (2)Accessibility/connectedness; building of new airport link road (3)Historical development; decline of primary production, Stockport market, Mersey Way (4)Planning; Greenbelt limits growth, new station development, redrock

16. Liverpool (1)Physical, (2)accessibility/connectedness,
(3)historical development or
(4)Planning

17. Liverpool (1)Physical; River Mersey, Port
(2)Accessibility/connectedness;M62, rail, cruise liners
(3)Historical development; retail hub, Liverpool one, Albert Dock development
(4)Planning; growth of university as Govt set target of 50% to go to HE

18. Homework
Your task is to find out about how your area has changed, using the qualitative method of oral histories.
You should try to interview an elderly relative or member of the community to gain an oral account to investigate how your local area has changed.
You could prompt them with questions about community, employment and land-use. You should produce a transcript of this (these take a lot of time so don’t leave this till last minute!)

19. Review
Key Terms test!