2. Body Organization

3. Learning Objectives:
Identify terms relating to the organization of the body
Describe the properties of life
Label the structures of the cell & describe the function of each
Describe the organization of the body from the smallest unit to the largest
Describe organs of the body in relation to plane, region, or cavity of location
Describe disorders resulting from defects in cell organization

4. 4 basic properties of life:
Reception - ability of organism to control it’s actions & respond to changes in the environment Metabolism – process of taking in & using nutrients to produce energy and growth Reproduction – ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species Organization – divides the organism into distinct parts to perform these functions

5. Two major types of study of human body
Anatomy & Physiology

6. Anatomy Study of body structures & their location
Five levels of body structure:
Cells – smallest unit of life
Tissues – combinations of similar cells
Organs – collections of tissues working together to provide a major body function
Body Systems – organs that work together to
provide a major body function
Organisms – beings that result when body systems work together to maintain life

7. Cell Structure

8. Cell Structure Organelles-major structures of the cell include:
Nucleus-controls activity of the cell & directs reproduction
Cytoplasm-semifluid material, surrounds cell parts, transports chemicals & nutrients within the cell
Mitochondria-produce energy used for cellular processes
Cell Membrane-surrounds the cell & controls which substances enter & leave cell

9. Cell Structure Lysosomes-help digest molecules
Ribosomes-attached to endoplasmic reticulum, work to produce protein for cell structures
Golgi apparatus-helps to transport proteins made by ribosomes out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum-makes fats (lipids), steroid hormones, & some carbohydrates

10. Homeostasis
the tendency of a cell or the whole organism to maintain a state of balance
Molecules pass in & out of cell to maintain this balance
Cells constantly adjust to preserve balance of
-fluids
- temperature
- oxygen
- electrolytes
-nutrients

11. Electrolytes
Electrolytes –compounds made of charged particles called ions
Ions can can conduct electrical current in cytoplasm
- positive charge creates acid
- negative charge creates base
pH of a fluid is a measurement of how much acid or base is present
Each body tissue has a normal pH and cells can’t function properly if normal pH is not maintained

13. Tissue Types
4 main groups of body tissue: Epithelial-covers the body, forms glands, lines surface of cavities and organs Connective-formed by a protein, includes soft tissue such as fat and blood cells & hard tissue such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage Muscle-made of protein, has unique property of shortening in length to produce movement Nervous-mostly composed of neurons, transmits communication, located in eyes, ears, brain, spinal cord & peripheral nerves

14. Physiology Physiology is the study of the functions of the body
Functions are studied according to body systems
Body system is a group of related organs that together accomplish functions necessary to maintain & support life

15. Body Systems

16. Integumentary System
Covers the body and protects other body systems

17. Cardiovascular System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products

18. Circulatory System
Includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body

19. Exchanges gases between the air and blood
Respiratory System
Exchanges gases between the air and blood

20. Muscular System
Allows the body to move & controls movements within the body

21. Skeletal System
Provides body support and protection

22. Digestive System
Processes food and eliminates food waste

23. Urinary System
Filters the blood and removes liquid waste

24. Endocrine System
Coordinates body activities through hormones

25. Nervous System
Regulates the environment and directs the activities of other body systems

26. Sensory System
Perceives the environment and sends messages to and from the brain

27. Reproductive System
Provides for human reproduction