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Unit 5: Senation & Perception Day 2: The Eye

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1 Unit 5: Senation & Perception Day 2: The Eye
DAILY COMMENTARY (in a spiral notebook!): How good is your vision? What do you know about how eyes work? Essential Question How do we use our sense to perceive the world around us? Objectives (write this down!): I can: distinguish between rods and cones I can explain how our eyes detect visual stimuli

2 Unit 5: Senation & Perception Day 2: The Eye
On Desk: RJ 5.3 For Tonight: RJ 5.4 Today: DC Blind Spot Experiment PsychInquiry module Simulating an experiment recording cone activity Eye annotations Notes Exit Pass

3 Weber’s Law Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount), to be perceived as different. Weber fraction: k = dI/I. Stimulus Constant (k) Light 8% Weight 2% Tone 3%

4 Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on: Person’s experience Expectations Motivation Level of fatigue Carol Lee/ Tony Stone Images

5 SDT Matrix The observer decides whether she hears the tone or not, based on the signal being present or not. This translates into four outcomes. Decision Yes No Signal Present Hit Miss Absent False Alarm Correct Rejection

6 Stevens’s Power Law To perceive a stimulus (such as light) as twice as bright, it must increase in intensity by 8 to 9 times Doubling the amount of light or volume will not result in our perceiving that it has in fact doubled

7 Sensory Adaptation Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. OBJECTIVE 3| Describe sensory adaptation, and explain how we benefit from being unaware of changing stimuli. Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile you don’t sense it.

8 The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
Visible Spectrum Both Photos: Thomas Eisner

9 Transduction In sensation, the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses. Phototransduction: Conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand. OBJECTIVE 4| Define transduction, and specify the form of energy our visual system converts into neural messages our brain can interpret.

10 Photoreceptors E.R. Lewis, Y.Y. Zeevi, F.S Werblin, 1969

11 Test your Blind Spot Use your textbook. Close your left eye, and fixate your right eye on the black dot. Move the page towards your eye and away from your eye. At some point the car on the right will disappear due to a blind spot.

12 Psych Inquiry Module Open program file: Go To:
This is the one that you placed on your computer using my thumb drive. Go To: “Categories” “Sensation & Perception” “Simulate an experiment recording rod and cone activities” After completing the activity, take the quiz. Then: Label the parts of the eye on the handout provided.

13 Light Characteristics
Wavelength (hue/color) Intensity (brightness) Saturation (purity)

14 Wavelength (Hue) Hue (color) is the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

15 Different wavelengths of light result
Wavelength (Hue) Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red 400 nm 700 nm Short wavelengths Long wavelengths Different wavelengths of light result in different colors.

16 Intensity (Brightness)
Intensity Amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.

17 The Eye OBJECTIVE 5| Describe the major structure of the eye, and explain how they guide the incoming ray of light toward the eye’s receptor cells.

18 Parts of the eye Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye. Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light. Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina. Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain.

19 The Lens Lens: Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina. Accommodation: The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

20 The Lens Nearsightedness: A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects. Farsightedness: A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects.

21 Retina Retina: The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual information. OBJECTIVE 6| Contrast the two types of receptor cells in the retina, and describe the retina’s reaction to light.

22 Optic Nerve, Blind Spot & Fovea
Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. This creates a blind spot. Fovea: Central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster.

23 Nearsighted v. Farsighted
Can see things that are close Hard to see far away images Farsighted Can see things far away Cannot see things that are close

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