1. Brief Response
“. . . the power of population is [far] greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man.”
–Thomas Malthus
What conclusion is the writer expressing in the quotation? Was his conclusion correct? Explain.

2. Brief Response
Britain’s population explosion contributed to hunger, unemployment, and general misery.
Malthus idea was that population growth would continue to outpace the food supply.
He concluded that continued suffering and poverty was unavoidable.
The conclusion was mostly incorrect. Today, the population is over 7 billion, but the food supply has increased even faster due to advances in agricultural methods.
In the Western world, people in the last 60 years have been having fewer children, which slowed the population growth rate somewhat.

3. Urbanization—
p. 203

4. Urbanization
For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities.
Most people lived in towns and villages.
As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by technology, they migrated to
Towns
Colonies abroad
Swollen towns became new cities.
New health and social issues developed.
Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

5. Germ theory:
The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes.
The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

6. Louis Pasteur: French chemist who studied microbes and disease.
He connected them to each other.
He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax.
He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

7. Robert Koch: German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium.
A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

8. Florence Nightingale:
A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer.
Using techniques she developed in the Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile).
utensils,
sheets,
clothes,
beds,
Doctors, nurses
Patients
She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

9. Joseph Lister:
British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection.
Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

10. Urban renewal:
Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections
replaced them with
wide boulevards,
squares,
office buildings,
department stores,
government offices,
theaters.
Restaurants

11. Urban renewal: Many people were moved from their homes to make room
many were hired to do the work,
They had money to find new homes in the city.
The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs
Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

12. Mutual-aid society: an early form of labor union.
Workers created them when labor unions were illegal.
Sick and injured workers were given assistance from the fellow members.

13. Standard of living:
the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

14. Industrial Standard of Living
Signs of improvement:
Better, cleaner homes and public places
Sanitation
hygiene: bathing, hot water, pasteurization, antiseptic,
Better, diverse diets
Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900): handout

15. Better, diverse diets Columbian Exchange (1500 to 1900):
European powers explored the world and colonized many places.
Food from these colonies changed Europe’s diet and health.
Some problems also emerged from the communication

16. World Health Video
What does Dr. Rosling show us with the computer graphics?
Identify and describe two examples he uses to make his point:
What events cause a sharp drop in population?
What improved health in the developing countries?

17. Other changes or innovations in cities: (12)
Paved streets
Gas lamps (later: electric lamps)
Police forces
Fire departments
Sewage systems
Street sanitation
Skyscrapers
Multi-story apartment buildings
Public parks
Public zoos
Public museums
Public schools

18. Homework

19. Biography, p. 204
Question:
By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

20. Standards Check, p. 204 Question:
Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

21. Cause and Effect, p. 206 Social effects: Economic effects:
Expansion of the middle class
Public education
Reform movements
Pollution
Medical care
urbanization
Economic effects:
Growth of labor unions
Rise of big business
Factories
New methods of production
New products
World trade

22. Standards Check, p. 206 More jobs Urban renewal Sanitation
Entertainment
Slum conditions
Higher crime rates

23. Slums continued to exist:
The lower lower-class suffered the worst conditions….. (6)
lived in the older, rundown city center
overcrowded,
filthy,
crime-ridden
Alcoholism
Filled with immigrants as natives moved out.

24. Upper lower-class (6) The upper lower-class had more opportunities
could afford the occasional escape:
Day trips, outings (by rail, car)
Move family to better neighborhoods
Better clothing
Newspapers
Music hall
baseball

25. Image, p. 207
Question:
They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities.

26. Standards Check, p. 207 Question:
Through protest and pressure on the government.

27. p. 209: Thinking Critically— Electricity's impact:
Questions 1
Russia
The United States
Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding. 2
Home lighting and heating
Eased housework, women had more free time.
Increased transportation and communication
Increased business productivity

28. End hwk
Begin class work