1. The Human Family Tree Movie

2. Bell Ringer What do you know about your genetics and your heritage?
How did you inherit your traits?
How do organisms get their genetic information?
What does diploid mean?
What kind of cells are diploid?
What does haploid mean?
What kind of cells are haploid?

3. Bell Ringer How do organisms get their genetic information?
What does diploid mean?
What kind of cells are diploid?
What does haploid mean?
What kind of cells are haploid?

4. Joke of the Day:

5. Unit 8: Genetics VIDEO Mendelelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
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Unit 8: Genetics VIDEO Mendelelian Genetics

6. Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Gregor Mendel ( )
“Father of Genetics“
VIDEO
Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits
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7. Gregor Johann Mendel Austrian monk
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Gregor Johann Mendel
Austrian monk
Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
Developed the laws of inheritance
Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century

8. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Gregor Johann Mendel
Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants
He found that the plants' offspring retained traits of the parents

9. Particulate Inheritance
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Particulate Inheritance
Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles”
Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA

10. Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic
Fig. 5.co
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11. Genetics & The Work of Mendel

12. Mendel’s work P F1 F2 Mendel bred pea plants to study genetics
Generations
Parent generation = P
Offspring of P generation =
F1 generation (F = filial)
Offspring of F1 generation
= F2 generation P F1
P = parents
F = filial generation F2

13. Looking closer at Mendel’s work
true-breeding
purple-flower peas X
true-breeding
white-flower peas P
Where did
the white flowers go? F1
generation
(hybrids)
100%
purple-flower peas
White flowers came back!
In a typical breeding experiment, Mendel would cross-pollinate (hybridize) two contrasting, true-breeding pea varieties.
The true-breeding parents are the P generation and their hybrid offspring are the F1 generation.
Mendel would then allow the F1 hybrids to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. F2
generation
75%
purple-flower peas
25%
white-flower peas

14. What did Mendel’s findings mean?
Allele – alternate form of a gene
Example: purple vs. white flower color
purple-flower allele & white-flower allele are two DNA variations at flower-color locus
different versions of gene at same location on homologous chromosomes

15. Traits are inherited as units
For each trait expressed, an organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent
diploid organism
inherits 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent
-homologous chromosomes
-like having 2 different types of social media
Instagram
Snapchat
What are the advantages of being diploid?

16. Genetic Terminology Genetics – Study of how traits are inherited
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Genetic Terminology
Genetics – Study of how traits are inherited
Heredity - Passing of traits from parent to offspring

17. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Designer “Genes”
Alleles - Different forms of a Gene (dominant & recessive)
Trait- genetically determined characteristic or condition. 

18. Designer genes
Dominant - Stronger of two alleles expressed; represented by a capital letter. example: (R)
Recessive – Weaker of two alleles; represented by a lowercase letter. example: (r)
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19. homgous chromoloosomes
Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant alleles
will ALWAYS cover up recessive allelles
Represented by a CAPITAL letter
Dominant allele is always written First (Pp)
Recessive allele
will only show up when 2 are present (pp)
Represented by a lower case letter
Scientist use the same letter for the different alleles of the same trait
Flower color of pea plants
Purple = P (dominant)
White = p (recessive)
homgous chromoloosomes

20. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
More Terminology
Genotype – “Gene” genetic makeup of a trait. Examples: (RR, Rr, rr)
Phenotype - the physical characteristics resulting from a genotype Examples: (red, white, tall, short)

21. Genotype vs. Phenotype X Genotype Phenotype
Refers to the “gene” allele combination that is producing the phenotype
Pea flower color (PP, Pp, pp)
Phenotype
Refers to what you “PHysically” see
The expression of the genotype
You can NOT always determine genotype
Pea flower color (purple or white) F1 P X
purple
white
all purple
Explain Mendel’s results using
…dominant & recessive
…phenotype & genotype

22. Genotypes Homozygous- “Purebred”
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Genotypes
Homozygous- “Purebred”
gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles example: (RR or rr)  
Heterozygous- “Hybrid”
gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele    example: (Rr)
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23. Genotypes Homozygous = same alleles (PP, pp) True bred Pure bred
Heterozygous = different alleles (Pp)
Hybrid
homozygous dominant
heterozygous
homozygous recessive

24. Can’t tell by lookin’ at ya!
Phenotype
2 organisms can have the same phenotype but have different genotypes
homozygous dominant PP
purple Pp
heterozygous
purple
Can’t tell by lookin’ at ya!
How do you determine the genotype of an individual with with a dominant phenotype?

25. Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers
Genotype of alleles: R = red flower r = yellow flower
All genes occur in pairs, so alleles affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes RR Rr rr
Phenotypes
Red
Red
Yellow
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26. Types of Genetic Crosses
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Types of Genetic Crosses
Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single trait example: flower color
Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits example: flower color & plant height

27. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Punnett Square VIDEO
Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
Letters on the outside represent the Genotypes of the parents
Letters on the inside represent the Genotype possibilities of the offspring

28. Punnett squares: (used to make predictions)
Probability %
genotype %
phenotype
Pp x Pp PP
25%
75% P p Pp
50% P p PP Pp Pp Pp pp
25%
25% pp
ratio
1:2:1
3:1

29. Ratio:
A comparison of two or more numbers 1 : 1
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30. Ratio:
A comparison of two numbers 2 : 1
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31. Ratio:
A comparison of two numbers 2 : 2 1 : 1
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32. Ratio:
A comparison of two numbers 3 : 2
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33. Ratio:
A comparison of two numbers 1 : 2 : 1
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34. Ratio:
A comparison of two numbers 1 :
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35. Bell Ringer Genetics Recap Video What is an allele
What does recessive mean?
What does dominant mean?
What is homozygous?
What is heterozygous?
Don’t forget you have a vocab test Monday and Tuesday!!

36. What traits do you have?
We will go through the most common traits that people have
On your sheet, record if you have the mentioned trait or not
You may have to ask your neighbor for help 

37. Detached (EE, Ee) or attached (ee) Earlobes

38. Dimples (DD, Dd) No Dimples (dd)

39. Cleft Chin (CC, Cc) or No Cleft (cc)

40. Widow’s Peak (WW, Ww) or Straight (ww)

41. Finger Hair

42. THUMB

43. Can Tongue Roll (TT, Tt) or Can’t (tt)

44. Right (RR, Rr) or Left (rr) handed?

45. Freckles (FF, Ff) No Freckles (ff)

46. Curly (HH, Hh) or Straight (hh)

47. Allergies (AA, Aa) or No Allergies (aa)

48. Hand Clasp Right over Left?

49. Normal (BB, Bb) Color Blindness (bb)
Can you see the number inside the circle?
If you cannot, you may be colorblind

50. Data We will now record our class data and graph our results
Does our data support which genes are dominant and which genes are recessive?

51. Monohybrid Crosses VIDEO
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Monohybrid Crosses VIDEO

52. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Punnett Square
Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
Letters on the outside represent the Genotypes of the parents
Letters on the inside represent the Genotype possibilities of the offspring

53. Eight Pea Plant Traits Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r)
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Eight Pea Plant Traits
Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r)
Seed Color ---- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y)
Pod Shape --- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s)
Pod Color ---  Green (G) or Yellow (g)
Seed Coat Color ---Gray (G) or White (g)
Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a)
Plant Height --- Tall (T) or Short (t)
Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)
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54. Monohybrid Cross r r Rr Rr R R Rr Rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
RR x rr
Genotype: Rr
Phenotype: Round
Genotypic Ratio: All alike
Phenotypic Ratio: All alike r r Rr Rr R R Rr Rr

55. Monohybrid Cross R r RR Rr R r Rr rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
Rr x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round & wrinkled
Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

56. Monohybrid Cross R r RR Rr R R RR Rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
RR x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr
Phenotype: Round
Genotypic Ratio: 1:1
Phenotypic Ratio: All alike R r RR Rr R R RR Rr
copyright cmassengale

57. Monohybrid Cross R r Rr rr r r Rr rr Trait: Seed Shape
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
rr x Rr R r
Genotype: Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled
G. Ratio: 1:1
P.Ratio: 1:1 Rr rr r r Rr rr
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58. Block 2 Bell Ringer: Bird Cross
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Block 2 Bell Ringer: Bird Cross
Trait: Feather Color
Alleles: Grey (G)
White (g)
Cross a homozygous dominant bird with a heterozygous bird
Genotype Possibilities?
Phenotype Possibilities?
Genotype Ratio?
Phenotype Ratio?
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59. Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Feather Color
Alleles: G – Grey g – White
Cross: Grey Feathers x Grey Feathers
GG x Gg
Genotype: GG, Gg
Phenotype: Grey
Genotypic Ratio: 1:1
Phenotypic Ratio: All alike G g GG Gg G G GG Gg
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60. Joke of the Day:

61. Today: Bikini Bottom Genetics

62. Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Hair Texture
Alleles: F – Fine f – Course
Cross: Cross a fine haired hybrid mouse with a mouse that is heterozygous for fine hair.
Ff x Ff F f
Genotypes: FF, Ff, ff
Phenotypes: Fine and Course
Genotype Ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotype Ratio: 3:1 FF Ff F f Ff ff

63. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Mendel’s Laws

64. Law of Dominance Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Law of Dominance
Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Examples:
- Brown Hair is dominant over blonde.
- Curly hair is dominant over straight
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65. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Law of Dominance
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66. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Law of Segregation
In Gametes (eggs or sperm), two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other.
Alleles are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

67. Applying the Law of Segregation
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Applying the Law of Segregation
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68. Law of Independent Assortment
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. (Genes don’t influence each other)
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69. Principle of Probability
The likelihood that a particular event will occur
Can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

70. Dihybrid Cross: (2 factors)
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Dihybrid Cross: (2 factors)
A punnett square that tracks the inheritance of two traits.
VIDEO

71. All possible gamete combinations
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Dihybrid Cross (FOIL) OR
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green
(use FOIL)
RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
RY Ry rY ry
All possible gamete combinations

72. Dihybrid Cross (gamete boxes)
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green
RrYy x RrYy
R r
R r Yy RY rY Yy RY rY Ry ry Ry ry
RY Ry rY ry
RY Ry rY ry

73. Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry copyright cmassengale
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry
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74. Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry
Round/Yellow: 9
Round/green: 3
wrinkled/Yellow: 3
wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
RRyy
Rryy
rrYY
rrYy
rryy
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75. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Dihybrid Cross
Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1
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76. Special Genetic Cases: VIDEO
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77. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Incomplete Dominance
A case in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Example: Flower
red (RR) x white (WW)
RR = red flower
WW = white flower W R
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78. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Incomplete Dominance Definition: One allele is not completely dominant over another.
Red White = Pink
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79. Incomplete Dominance R W W 100% RW = Pink (Heterozygous Pink) RW
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Incomplete Dominance
Trait: Flower Color
Red (R): Dominant
White (R): Dominant
Homozygous Dominant Red (RR) X
Homozygous Dominant White (WW) R W W
100% RW = Pink
(Heterozygous Pink) RW
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80. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Codominance
Definition: Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
Examples: Roan Cattle
and
Speckled Chickens
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81. Codominance Problem Speckled Chicken
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Codominance Problem Speckled Chicken
Example: Homozygous male Black (BB)
x Homozygous female White (WW) W B BW
100% BW = Speckled
(Heterozygous Speckled)
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82. Another Codominance Problem
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Another Codominance Problem
Example: male heterozygous (BW) x female heterozygous (BW) B W
1/4 = WW BB BW WW
1/4 = BB
1/2 = BW
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83. Joke of the Day:

84. Sex-linked Traits VIDEO
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85. Sex-linked Traits Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Sex-linked Traits
Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are X and Y
XX genotype for females
XY genotype for males
Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome
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86. Sex-linked Traits Example: Eye color in fruit flies Sex Chromosomes
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Sex-linked Traits
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
Sex Chromosomes
XX chromosome - female
Xy chromosome - male
fruit fly
eye color
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87. Sex-linked Trait Problem
Mendelian Genetics
Sex-linked Trait Problem
11/23/2018
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
(red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female) XRY x XrXr
Remember: the Y chromosome in males does not carry traits.
RR = red eyed
Rr = red eyed
rr = white eyed
XY = male
XX = female XR Xr Y
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88. Sex-linked Trait Solution:
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Sex-linked Trait Solution: XR Xr Y
50% red eyed female
50% white eyed male
XR Xr
Xr Y
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89. Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Female Carriers
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90. Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
Mendelian Genetics
11/23/2018
Bell Ringer: Monohybrid Cross
(B) Brown Eyes = Dominant
Blue Eyes = Recessive
Genetic Problem: Cross a male who is homozygous for brown eyes with a female who has blue eyes and answer the following questions.
What are the Genotype possibilities?
What is the Genotype ratio?
What are the Phenotype possibilities?
What is the Phenotype ratio?
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