1. Chapter 28 Section 4 The Civil Rights Movement Riddlebarger
Changes & Challenges
Angela Davis
Chapter 28
Section 4
The Civil Rights Movement
Riddlebarger

2. March Against Fear
James Meredith shot & wounded in Mississippi

3. Expanding the Movement
March Against Fear
turning point Movement
Is nonviolence the best strategy to bring genuine & permanent change?
Change in laws but…

4. Conditions Outside the South
Similarities/differences for blacks inside/outside South
De facto segregation
Why more difficult?
Discrimination in housing & employment
Voting an answer to poverty?
1963: Unemployment
whites: 4.8%; blacks: 12.1%
Poverty
whites: 1/5 of population; blacks: ½ of population

5. Urban Unrest
From 1964 to 1967, unrest exploded in most major U.S. cities
Watts
Detroit
Ohio
Kerner Commission
poverty & discrimination
racial divide

6. Watts Riots

7. Civilians have in common vs. authorities?

8. The Movement Moves North
MLK decides to take movement to northern cities
Chicago 1966
8-month campaign is one of King’s biggest failures

9. Fractures in the Movement
SCLC, SNCC, CORE & NAACP among others all have goal of ending racial discrimination
By mid-1960’s, conflicts develop within groups.
As harassment of members grows, some begin to reject nonviolence as philosophy.

10. Black Power Stokely Carmichael and SNCC (1966) “We Shall Overcome” vs.
“We Shall Overrun”

11. Stokely Carmichael June 17, 1966
“ This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested- and I ain’t going to jail no more. The only way we’re going to stop them white men from whippin’ us is to take over. We been saying freedom for six years- and we ain’t got nothin’. What we gonna start now is ‘Black Power!’

12. Black Power Movement Black Power slogan makes headlines
Many see it as a call to violence
Self reliance
CORE

13. Tommie Smith and John Carlos at 1968 Summer Olympics
Tommie Smith and John Carlos at 1968 Summer Olympics. White guy from Australia wore a human rights badge in support of their protest.

14. Black Panthers Black Power appeals to many young African-Americans.
Black Panther Party (1966)
Bobby Seale & Huey Newton.
Reject nonviolence
Violent Revolution
Seale on left and Newton

15. Black Panther Party
Controversial
Confrontation

16. Black Muslims
One of largest & most influential groups expressing black power is the Nation of Islam
Based upon Islamic religion
Black Muslims.
Honorable Elijah Muhammad
Had about 65,000 members by 1960’s.

17. Malcolm X Biggest name in Nation of Islam is Malcolm X.
Offered message of hope, defiance & black pride.
By Any Means Necessary
“Revolutions are never based upon … begging a corrupt system to accept us into it. Revolutions overturn systems.”

18. Martin vs. Malcolm
“[N]ow you’re facing a situation where the young Negro’s coming up. They don’t want to hear that ‘turn-the-other-cheek’ stuff, no…There’s new thinking coming in. There’s new strategy coming in…It’ll be ballots, or it’ll be bullets. It’ll be liberty, or it will be death.”
-Malcolm X, 1964
“Violence …seeks to annihilate rather than convert…Nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon…which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.”
Martin Luther King, 1964

19. Malcolm X White response Critical of King 1964: Leaves Nation of Islam
Mecca
Change in views
Feb. 1965: Assassinated by Black Muslims

20. Assassination of Martin Luther King
Focus more on economic issues.
Memphis
“I Have Seen the Promised Land”
April 4th

22. Robert F. Kennedy, speaking in an African-American neighborhood in Indianapolis just after announcing the death of Martin Luther King
“You can be filled with bitterness and with hatred and desire for revenge. We can move in that direction as a country, in great polarization, black people amongst blacks and white people amongst whites, filled with hatred toward one another. Or we can make an effort, like Martin Luther King did, to understand and to comprehend, and replace that violence, that stain of bloodshed that has spread across the land, with…compassion and love.”

23. End of Movement The Movement after King Impact of Vietnam
Backlash- “Get tough with blacks”
Impact upon other movements
Bakke and quotas