1. Blood Types
A B AB O

2. Four major types of blood .
A, B, AB, and O.
Inherited from parents.
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

3. Check your knowledge of medical history...
In 1901, Austrian immunologist: Karl Landsteiner discovered blood may be grouped into four main types.
Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

4. Antigens Universal Donor O Universal Recipient AB Blood protein
Located on the surface of the red blood cell.
Either the person has it or doesn’t have on the blood cell.
Someone with type A blood have the A antigen, Someone with type B blood have the B antigen, type AB has both A and B antigen, and type O has neither of the antigens
Universal Recipient AB

5. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body
Punnet
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Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies.

6. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.
When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

7. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.
Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

8. Red Cells Also may Contain Rh factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –
When an Rh- mother is pregnant with an Rh+ baby, the baby’s blood (usually during delivery) can mix with the mom’s blood, causing the mom’s blood to make anti Rh antibodies.

9. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Rh factor
If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive.
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative.
Did you know???
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

10. If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh+ positive baby, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing Erythroblastosis Fetalis
RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce antibodies.
Cord blood has immunity producing stem cells, is easy to transplant, and does not cause rejection That is why research is being done on umbilical cord blood.

12. Disorder of the Blood… Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Usually in women, children and adolescents
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis
Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables
Anemia
Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells

13. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Polycythemia
Plasma
too many RBC
normally caused by other medical condition (secondary)
Primary cases are rare
S&S: bruising, HA, easy bleeding, bone and joint pain, itching, fatigue, dizziness and stomach pain, blood clot formation
Tx: Dependent upon cause, may be O2
Cellular elements
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

14. Sickle Cell Anemia Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
Occurs primarily in African Americans
Treatment – blood transfusion

15. Embolism
Air, blood clot , cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”

16. Thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS

17. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
What is the difference
between an embolism
and a thrombus?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

18. Hematoma
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ tissue or space.
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture.
Contusion (bruise)
blunt force trauma or injury without skin breakage
S/S: pain, swelling and discoloration
Tx: cold applications, firm bandage, elevation,
heat application and massage

19. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Hematoma vs contusion
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

20. Hemophilia Hereditary Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma.

21. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
What is hemophilia?
How do you get it?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

22. Leukemia
Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Research on cord blood.

23. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

24. Multiple Myeloma Neoplastic disease which forms multiple tumors
related to lymphoma and leukemia, because it usually arises in the bone marrow.
There is no cure for multiple myeloma, but treatments are available that slow its progression.
S/S: anemia, bone pain, weight loss, confusion, excessive thirst
Tx: Autologous stem cell transplant

25. Septicemia AKA: sepsis/blood poisoning Causes: pathogen in the blood
Tx: antibiotics, fluids and medicines, Oxygen, plasma or other blood products to correct any clotting problems

26. Test Your Gray Matter… AB Antigen Abcess
Why is research being done on the use of newborn umbilical cord blood?
What blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?
Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of a blood protein called a/an:
What would happen if an Rh negative person were given a blood transfusion of Rh positive blood?
A pus filled cavity that forms when there is infection below the epidermis is a/an:
Mary has leukopenia as a result of her chemotherapy. Marylyn’s :
Who would be a candidate for Rho Gam?
What is the medical term for hemolytic disease of the newborn? AB
Cord blood has immunity producing stem cells, is easy to transplant, and does not cause rejection
He/she would develop Rh antibodies
Antigen
An Rh negative mother
White blood cell count is low
Erthroblastosis fetalis
Abcess

27. Jake has a hematoma on his leg. What most likely caused it?
A deficiency in the number of red blood cells is called:
Which of the following blood disorders is inherited from both parents?
What is a hereditary disease in which the blood clots slowly or abnormally?
Jake has a hematoma on his leg. What most likely caused it?
Anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia