1. POLITICAL SCIENCE: the systematic study of the state and the government
POLITICAL: comes from the Greek word “polis” which means a “city” or “state”
SCIENCE: comes from the Latin word “scire” which means “to know”

2. SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL THEORY – body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior and purposes of the state.
PUBLIC LAW – organization of the government and its powers and duties; limitation upon government authority.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs.

3. IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
To discover the principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and to study the operations of the government.
Its findings can be used in seeking resolutions to immediate situations.
To be able to deal with social and economic problems and other matters of public and private concerns.

4. CONCEPT OF STATE
A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own, to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.

5. People – the inhabitants or mass population living within the state.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
People – the inhabitants or mass population living within the state.
Territory – the fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state.
Government – the agency through which the will of the state is expressed and carried out.
Sovereignty – the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people and to have freedom from foreign control.

6. NATION STATE ethnic concept legal/political concept
one nation may be made up of several states
STATE
legal/political concept
one state may consist of one or more nations

7. STATE
principal
abstraction
cannot exist without the government
cannot be changed so long as the elements are present
GOVERNMENT
agent
externalize the will of the state
can exist without a state
can be changed

8. FORMS of GOVERNMENT
As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
Monarchy – one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person.
Aristocracy – one in which political power is exercised by a few privileged class
Democracy – one in which political power is exercised by a majority of people.

9. As to extent of powers by the central government
Unitary government – one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government.
Federal government – one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs.

10. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government
Parliamentary government – one in which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive.
Presidential government – one in which the state makes the executive independent of the legislature as regards his tenure, policies and acts.

11. GOVERNMENT
of the
PHILIPPINES in
TRANSITION

12. PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT
Barangay
Datu
Social classes
Early laws

13. SPANISH PERIOD Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1566)
Katipunan government (1892)
Biak na Bato Republic (1897)
Dictatorial government (1898)
“Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite”
Revolutionary government (1898)
First Philippine Republic (1898)
“Malolos Constitution”

14. AMERICAN PERIOD Treaty of Paris Military government (1898)
Civil government (1901)
Commonwealth government (1934)
“Tydings Mc Duffie Law”

15. JAPANESE PERIOD Japanese Military Administration (1942)
The Philippine Executive Commission
The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines (1943)

16. The PROVISIONAL GOV’T. of 1986
Revolutionary
De jure/de facto
Constitutional
Democratic
Powers
Provisional Constitution

17. CONSTITUTION
is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined by which these powers are distributed among the several departments/branches for the benefit of the people.

18. NATURE & PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION
1. Supreme/Fundamental Law Constitution is binding on all citizens and all organs of the government. It is the law to which all other laws must conform.
2. Basic Framework
Constitution is providing system to the government; assigning powers and duties to different government departments/branches; protecting the rights of individuals against arbitrary actions of the government.

19. Requisites of a good written constitution
As to form
Brief
Broad
Definite
As to contents
Constitution of government
Constitution of liberty
Constitution of sovereignty

20. CONSTITUTION
a legislation direct from the people
merely states the general framework of the law
not merely to meet existing conditions but to govern the future
the supreme or fundamental law
STATUTE
a legislation from the
people’s representatives
provides the details of
the subject it treats
to meet existing
conditions only
Law born-out from the Constitution

21. CONSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

22. Malolos Constitution
September 15, 1898, Congress met in Malolos, Bulacan and framed the Malolos Constitution
lasted only for a short period of time from January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901

23. 1935 Constitution
March 24, 1934 – Pres. Roosevelt authorized the calling of a constitutional convention to draft a constitution of the Philippines
March 23, 1935 – Pres. Roosevelt approved the Constitution.
May 14, 1935 – Filipinos ratified the Constitution

24. 1973 Constitution
March 16, 1967 – Congress authorized the holding of a constitutional convention
June 1, 1971 – the convention started to rewrite the Constitution
November 30, 1972 – the proposed Constitution was signed
September 21, 1972 – Pre. Marcos placed the entire country under martial law
January 17, 1973 – Filipinos ratified the Constitution

25. Freedom Constitution February 22-25, 1986 - 4 day people power revolt
March 25, Freedom Constitution was promulgated

26. 1987 Constitution
April 23, Constitutional Commission was created to draft the proposed Constitution
June 2, the Constitutional Commission convened
October 15, draft of the Constitution was finished
February 2, the 1987 Constitution was ratified by the people on a plebiscite