1. ECSE 6592 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Spatial Diversity in Wireless Networks
Hsin-Yi Shen
Nov 3, 2005

2. Introduction
Main characteristic in wireless channels- randomness in users’ transmission channels and randomness in users’ geographical locations
Diversity- Convey information through multiple independent instantiations of random attenuations
Spatial diversity- through multiple antennas or multiple users

3. Wireless Channel Characteristics
Three kind of attenuations-path loss, shadowing loss, fading loss
Path loss: Signals attenuate due to distance
Shadowing loss : absorption of radio waves by scattering structures
Fading loss :constructive and destructive interference of multiple reflected radio wave paths

4. Attenuation in Wireless Channels

5. Wireless Channel Characteristics
Key parameters of wireless channels-coherence time, coherence bandwidth
If symbol period>coherence time, the channel is time selective
If symbol period< channel delay spread, the channel is frequency selective

6. MIMO Channel Model
H(k;l) is the lth tap of the Mr x Mt channel response matrix, z is noise vector

7. Theoretical Consideration
Information-Theoretic results for multiple-antenna channels
Information-Theoretic results for multi-user channels
Diversity order
Design consideration

8. Information-Theoretic results for multiple antenna channels (1)

9. Information-Theoretic results for multiple antenna channels (2)
Assume the receiver had access to perfect channel state information through training or other methods

10. Information-Theoretic results for multiple antenna channels (3)
At high SNR the outage probability is the same as frame error probability in terms of SNR exponent
For given rate, we can compare performance through an outage analysis

11. Information-Theoretic results for multi-user channels
Two types of topology- multiple access channel and broadcast channel

12. Information-Theoretic results for multi-user channels

13. Diversity Order and multiplexing gain

14. Relation between Diversity Order and Multiplexing Gain

15. Relation between rate and SNR

16. Design Consideration
Space time code with low decoding complexity and achieving maximum diversity order
Trade-off between diversity order and rate
If system is delay-constrained, design with high diversity order and lower data rate
Fairness for resource sharing between users
Cross layer design

17. Signal transmission
Transmitter Techniques- spatial multiplexing, space-time trellis code and block codes
Receiver techniques- joint equalization with channel estimation, space-time code decoding

18. Spatial Multiplexing (Bell Labs Layered Space-Time Architecture, BLAST)
Multiple transmitted data streams are separated and detected successfully using a combination of array processing (nulling) and multi-user detection (interference cancellation) techniques
A broadband channel scenario using a MIMO generalization of classical decision feedback equalizer (DFE)
The nulling operation is performed as “feed-forward filter” and the interference cancellation operation is performed by the “feedback filter”

19. Spatial Multiplexing-continued
May have error propagation
The presence of antenna correlation and the lack of scattering richness in the propagation environment reduce the achievable rates of spatial multiplexing techniques
Enhancement: Use MMSE interference cancellation, perform ML detection for first few streams

20. Space time coding
Improve downlink performance without requiring multiple receive antennas
Easily combined with channel coding
Do not require channel state information at the transmitter
Robust against non-ideal operating conditions

21. Space-time Trellis codes
Maps information bit stream into Mt streams of symbols
Decoding complexity increases exponentially as a function of the diversity level and transmission rate
Example:

22. Space time block codes

23. Cons and pros of space time block codes
Achieve full diversity at full transmission rate for any signal constellation
Does not require CSI at the transmitter
ML decoding involves only linear processing at the receiver
Does not provide coding gain
A rate-1 STBC cannot be constructed for any complex signal constellation with more than two transmit antennas
Simple decoding rule valid only for flat-fading channel where channel gain is const over two consecutive symbols

24. Tradeoff between diversity and throughput
BLAST achieves max spatial multiplexing with small diversity gain
Space time codes achieves max diversity gain with no multiplexing gain
Linear dispersion codes (LDC): achieve higher rate with polynomial decoding complexity for a wide SNR range
Build in the diversity into the modulation

25. Build Diversity into modulation

26. Receiver techniques Coherent and non-coherent techniques
Coherent technique require channel state information by channel estimation or training sequences and feed this to joint equalization/decoding algorithm
Non-coherent techniques does not require CSI and more suitable for rapidly time-varying channels

27. Joint Equalization/Decoding techniques
M-BCJR algorithm: at each trellis step, only M active states associated with the highest metrics are retained
Significant reduction in the number of equalizer/decoder states

28. Sphere decoder Suitable for codes with lattice structures
Perform ML search with low computation complexity

29. Joint Equalization/Decoding of space time Block codes
Eliminate inter-antenna interference using a low complexity linear combiner
Single-carrier frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE)

30. Performance of SC-FDE

31. Non-coherent techniques
Does not require channel estimation
Include blind identification and detection schemes
Exploit channel structure (finite impulse response), input constellation (finite alphabet), output (cyclostationarity) to eliminate training symbols
Use ML receiver which assumes statistics about channel state but not knowledge of the state itself

32. Summary in signal transmission
Mitigate fading effect by using space diversity
Use MIMO to realize spatial rate multiplexing gains
Use equalization techniques (ex: M-BCJR, SC-FDE) to mitigate channel frequency selectivity
Use channel estimation and tracking, adaptive filtering, differential transmission/detection to mitigate time selectivity

33. Networking issues Medium sharing resource allocation
Mobility and routing
Hybrid networks

34. Resource allocation
Allocation criteria: rate-based criteria and job-based criteria
Rate-based criteria provide average data rates to users which satisfy certain properties
Job-based criteria schedule data delivery in order to optimize various QoS guarantees based on the job requests

35. Resource allocation-Rate-Based QoS criteria
Utilize the multi-user diversity inherently available in wireless channels
Schedule users when their channel state is close to peak rate it can support
=> inherent unfairness
Keep track of the average throughput Tk(t) and rate Rk(t), transmit the user with the largest Rk(t)/ Tk(t) among the active users
If channel is slow time-varying, introduce random phase rotations between the antennas to simulate fast fading

36. Impact of spatial diversity
Multi-antenna diversity provide greater reliability by smoothening channel variations
Multi-user diversity utilize the channel variability across users to increase throughput
Choose diversity techniques according to channel conditions, mobility and application constraints
For example, low delay-applications with high reliability requirement may use multi-antenna diversity with space time codes

37. Hybrid Networks
Two approaches to increasing TCP efficiency in hybrid networks
Reduce error rate in wireless channel by using more sophisticated coding schemes, such as space-time codes
Use explicit loss notification (ELN) to inform the sender that the packet loss occurred due to wireless link failure rather than congestion in wired part

38. Space time code and TCP throughput
STBC-enhanced a achieves a particular throughput value at a much lower SNR value than the standard a
STBC modify the SNR region under which a particular transmission rate should be chosen
STBC increase the transmission range and improve robustness of WLANs

39. STBC-enhanced a
The difference between STBC a and a becomes smaller when channel quality is sufficiently good
STBC a can switch to faster transmission mode at much lower SNR values

40. Conclusion
In wireless networks, power and spectral bandwidth are limited
Limitation on signal processing at terminal and requirement of sophisticated resource allocation techniques due to variation in capacity
Spatial diversity improves data rates and reliability of individual links
Space time codes improves link capacity and system capacity through resource allocation

41. Future works Space time code design
Implementation issues-low-cost multiple RF chains and low-power parallelizable implementation of STC receiver signal processing algorithm
Receiver signal processing-the development of practical adaptive algorithm that can track rapid variation of large number of taps in MIMO channel and/or equalizer
Standardization activities

42. Reference
[1]S. N. Diggavi, N. Al-Dhahir, A. Stamoulis, and A.R. Calderbank, “Great Expectations: The Value of Spatial Diversity in Wireless Networks,” Proceeding of The IEEE, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp , Feb 2004
[2] Sergio Verdu, “Multiuser Detection,” Cambridge University Press, 1998