1. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.
Charles Darwin (from ‘The Origin of Species’, 1859)

2. CHAPTER 32 AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Initially Prepared by
Brenda Leady, University of Toledo
Modified by
John Cossel Jr., Northwest Nazarene University

3. Who is this class? -- Explore the syllabus
I want to take advantage of the technology available to enhance your learning.
-- Best way to get in touch with me… (NOT “jcossel”)
Internet -- There is a course webpage
PowerPoint -- Lecture material available off Internet

4. J.B.S. Haldane
The Creator would appear as endowed with a passion for stars, on the one hand, and for beetles on the other, for the simple reason that there are nearly 300,000 species of beetle known, and perhaps more, as compared with somewhat less than 9,000 species of birds and a little over 10,000 species of mammals. Beetles are actually more numerous than the species of any other insect order. That kind of thing is characteristic of nature.

5. Characteristics Lack…
Most have _________, ________, capacity to move at some point in the life cycle
Ability to…
Specialized ________ ________and _________ system
Cells exist in extensive _________ ______
Unique ______ ________

6. Traditional classifications
Most biologists agree kingdom is _____________
Animal ________ are very similar
Most likely ancestor a __________ ________ ___________ similar to _____________
About ___ recognized animal phyla

8. Who are the animal phyla?

9. Traditional classification based on body plans
4 main morphological and developmental features used

10. Tissues
________ divided into __________ (no specialized tissues or organs) and __________ (more than one type of tissue and organs)

11. Symmetry
Eumetazoa are _______ __________(Radiata) or ___________ _______________ (Bilateria)
Bilateral animals have __________ and _____ and ______ surfaces
Radial animals have _______ and _______ sides

12. Spatial terminology…

13. Number of cell layers Radial animals have 2 embryonic cell layers
___________
Bilateral animals have 3 germ layers
Cell layers develop during _______________
Inner layer – ______________
Outer layer – ______________
___________ - 3rd layer in bilateral animals
Forms muscles and most other organs

15. Body cavity
______________– body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm (coelomates)
______________ – coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates)
______________ – lack a body cavity entirely
Fluid-filled body cavity can protect internal organs or be used as ___________ ______

17. Embryonic development
Which is which (usually)?!?
Spiral cleavage
Schizocoelous coelom development
Blastopore becomes anus
Cleavage is indeterminate- pluripotent stem cells
Radial cleavage
Enterocoleus coleom development
Blastopore becomes mouth
Cleavage determinate

19. Other methods of classification
Possession of ____________
Development of _____________
Presence or absence of ___________ (segmentation)
Traced to changes in ______ _____

21. Changes in Hox Gene Expression Control Body Segment Specialization
Based on relatively simple changes in the expression patterns of Hox genes
Hox genes designated 1-13
Shifts in patterns of gene expression in the embryo along the anteroposterior axis govern transition from one type of vertebra to another and short or long necks
Mice, chicken, goose, and snake
Illustrates descent with modification

23. Molecular views of animal diversity
Molecular techniques used to classify animals by comparing similarities in the ______ and the _______________ of animals, especially sequences of nucleotides in the gene that encodes RNA of the small ribosomal subunit (________)
Advantage generally more objective and subject to more rigorous testing

25. Aguinaldo and Colleagues Used 18S rDNA to Analyze the Taxonomic Relationships of Arthropods to Other Taxa
Sequenced the complete gene encoding SSU rRNA
Relationships among 50 species determined
Data indicated existence of monophyletic clade- the ______________ – containing …
Ramifications of studies involving Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans

28. Similarities between traditional and molecular phylogeny
The clade called Metazoa is ____________, meaning all animals came from a single common ancestor.
At the earliest stages of evolution, molecular phylogeny supports the traditional view of the split between…
There is also agreement about an early split between…
with most animal phyla belonging to the Bilateria.
Molecular phylogeny also agrees that the echinoderms and chordates belong to a clade called the _______________.

29. 2 key differences between traditional and molecular phylogeny
Division of protostomes into 2 clades
Traditionally split into Deuterostomia and Protostomia based on embryonic development
Deuterostomes still separate but protostomes divided into _______________ and __________
Presence or absence of a body cavity
Traditionally split into coelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomates
Molecular evidence indicates presence or absence…