1. Warm Up – March 19 Answer the following questions on a post it:
1. Describes the influences of the Renaissance. What new style developed during the Renaissance.
2. How was Renaissance art different than Medevil art
3. Describe the significance of Martin Luther
4. What were Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church?

2. Period 4: 1450-1750 (Global interactions)
The Protestant Reformation and the
Catholic Counter-Reformation

3. The Protestant Reformation
Started in 1517 by a German priest named Martin Luther
Issued a document called the 95 Theses
Nailed it to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany
Outlined his issues with the Catholic Church

4. The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was critical of the following abuses conducted by the Catholic Church:
Selling church positions
Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins  people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven
Luxurious life of the popes
Corruption and immorality of some clergy
The selling of indulgences
Pope Leo X (above) sold church positions and indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

5. Martin Luther’s Beliefs
Salvation = came through faith alone; God’s grace is freely and directly granted to believers
Source of religious authority = the Bible (as interpreted by the individual), not the Pope or church leaders
These ideas = created a massive rift between Catholic and Protestant Christianity

6. Spread of Protestantism
Reformation thinking spread quickly within and beyond Germany thanks to the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
Luther’s 95 Theses, many pamphlets, and his German translation of the New Testament were soon widely available
As the movement spread to the rest of Europe, it splintered, creating a variety of different Protestant churches
Ex: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist, Puritan, etc.

7. Spread of Protestantism

8. Calvinism Established by John Calvin in Switzerland
Preached predestination = God determines the fate of every person

9. The Church of England
King Henry VIII (ruled from ) wanted a divorce from his first wife (Catherine of Aragon)
She had 6 children -- only 1 survived (a girl named Mary)
King wanted a male heir to the throne
King thought Catherine of Aragon was too old and he wanted to marry the young, beautiful Anne Boleyn instead
Problem = the Pope refused to grant the King a divorce

10. The Church of England
Result = Henry VIII separated England from the Pope and the Catholic Church
Made himself head of the new “Church of England”
Kept Catholic practices & traditions, but denied authority of the Pope
Had supporters of the old religion killed

11. The Church of England
King Henry VIII had the Church of England end his marriage with Catherine & he married Anne Boleyn
Anne bore him a daughter = Elizabeth I
Henry VIII married 4 more times after this & only got 1 son = Edward VI (got the throne, but died in his teens)

12. The Church of England
Henry’s daughter Mary tried to restore Catholicism when she became Queen
Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake
Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”

13. Anglicanism
Mary’s sister Elizabeth I became Queen when Mary died  blended features of the Church of England and Catholicism
Religion called Anglicanism
Pleased most people
Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all its Catholic elements  ended up leaving for North America where they could have more religious freedom

14. Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572
Religious Conflicts
1562 – 1598 = violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France
French Protestants = called Huguenots = the minority
In one day (in 1572) = about 3,000 Huguenots were massacred by Catholic mobs
1598 = King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
Idea = soon they’d return to the Catholic Church
Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572

15. Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War
Religious Conflicts
Thirty Years’ War ( ) = war between Catholics and Protestants
Started in Holy Roman Empire; soon took over most of Europe
Destructive war
15-30% of German population died from violence, famine, or disease
1648 = Peace of Westphalia signed
Redrew some European political boundaries
Said each state was independent and could control its own religious affairs
Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War

16. Catholic Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul III wanted to reform the Catholic Church to win back followers and stop the growth of Protestant faiths
Council of Trent ( )
Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices
Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions
Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

17. Long Essay Question (LEQ)
Option 1: periods 1-2
Option 2: periods 3-4
Option 3: periods 5-6
40 minutes

18. Long Essay Question (LEQ)
1st Paragraph - Introduction –
Thesis – address the question and state your argument (1 sentence) THEN in your next sentence state pieces of evidence that you will use to support your argument
Context – same as DBQ (2-3 sentences)
2nd Paragraph – go into detail about the first piece of evidence – give specific examples to support your argument
3rd Paragraph - go into detail about the first piece of evidence – give specific examples to support your argument
Conclusion – Compare OR Contrast to a similar historical event

19. Long Essay Practice Question
Continuity and Change over Time (CCOT) – one of your reasons needs to be an example to show how something did not change, and one example needs to show a change
Causation (Cause and Effect) – One example needs to be a cause of the event in the question, one needs to be an effect of the event in the question
Comparison – Both examples need to be comparing the events in the question

20. Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages
Thesis - The Crusades represented a turning point in the Middle Ages as it brought back trade to Western Europe and also represented the start of a period where cultures began to interact.
Context – Feudalism, a government based on trading land for loyalty, represented the political structure of the Middle Ages. People lived and worked on a manor, rarely interacting with different people. The Crusades, holy wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the holy land of Jerusalem, helped to end this isolation and represented a return to trading and cultural interaction.

21. Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages
2nd Paragraph – go into detail about how the Crusades brought back trade to Western Europe – give 2 examples to support
3rd Paragraph – go into detail about how the Crusades brought back the interaction between different cultures – give 2 examples to support.
4th Paragraph – Conclusion – Connect the Crusades being a turning point to a similar event that occurred at any point in history – Ex. The Protestant Reformation as a turning point in

22. Long Essay Question Practice
Evaluate the extent to which the Protestant Reformation represented a turning point in Europe during the period

23. TOD – March 16 Answer the following questions on a post – it:
1. Describe the significance of Martin Luther
2. What practices of the church was Martin Luther critical of?
3. How do Calvinists differ from Martin Luther in regards to how an individual achieves salvation?