3. Key Psychologists
Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

4. Key Psychologists
John B. Watson

5. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to responds in a specific way

6. Unconditioned response (UCR)
A response that takes place in an organisms whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs

7. Pairing
Presenting the organism with the NS and then the UCS multiple times. NS then becomes CS

8. Stimulus Generalization
the transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimulus.

9. Stimulus Discrimination
learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.

10. “Give me a dozen healthy infants and allow me to control the environment, and I’ll make them into anything I want.”
John Watson

11. Spray Bottle Experiment
Identify the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR
Explain how each of these were present in the experiment (if at all):
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination

12. How does C.C. affect our lives?
Flooding/Systematic Desensitization
Drug/Alcohol addictions
Coyotes/Sheep
Bed Wetting
Bell & Pad: A child with a bed-wetting tendency sleeps on a special pad. When the child starts to urinate, the water content of the urine triggers a bell in the pad that wakes the child up.
US-bell UR-Wake up
CS-pee CR-wake up

13. Learned Taste Aversions
When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredibly strong.
Even when food and sickness are hours apart.
Food must be salient (noticeable.)

14. Biological Predispositions
Pavlov and Watson believed that laws of learning were similar for all animals. Therefore, a pigeon and a person do not differ in their learning.
However, behaviorists later suggested that learning is constrained by an animal’s biology.
Each species’ predispositions prepare it to learn the associations that enhance its survival.
OBJECTIVE 7| Describe some of the ways that biological predisposition can affect learning by classical conditioning.

15. Biological Predispositions
Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning and not to others (light or sound).
Taste Aversion
Courtesy of John Garcia
John Garcia

16. Advertising/Songs Using Sex to Sell
Advertisers pair their product with sexual imagery hoping that the product will become a ‘promising stimulus’ for sexual arousal. Hopefully this connection makes you grab their product off the self .

17. Examples of Classical Conditioning

18. Cancer patients and chemotherapy.
Cancer patients tend to associate the nausea produced by chemotherapy with the hospital setting.
UCS – chemotherapy
UCR – nausea
CS – hospital
CR – nausea

19. “Between stimulus and response is a space
“Between stimulus and response is a space. In this space lies our freedom to choose our response. In these choices lie our growth and our happiness.”
-- Steven Covey in The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

21. Higher Order Learning in Classical Conditioning
Also known as second order conditioning.
A form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus. For example, an animal might first learn to associate a bell with food (first-order conditioning), but then learn to associate a light with the bell (second-order conditioning).