1. Animal Behavior & Handling

2. Behavior development
5 Major Phases: 1. Neonate 2.Transitional 3. Socialization 4. Juvenile 5. Adult

3. Canine Neonate 0-14 days Complete dependence on mom Blind and deaf
External stimulation needed for elimination
Behavior is mostly reflexive
Very short handling may be beneficial
Picked up by humans for a couple seconds at a time may help them to deal with stress better later on in life and may be more social
Too much handling can result in sickness
Altricial = helpless
Precocious = relatively mature and mobile

4. Canine Transitional 14 to 21 days Vision and hearing improve
Period of rapid development
Can take a few wobbly steps until at the end of the period when can walk confidently
Vision and hearing improve
Eliminate without aid
First teeth
Wag tail
Agnostic behavior
Transitioning from behavoir that is designed for survival of newborn to more exploratory

5. Canine Socialization 3-16 weeks Full sight and hearing
During weeks 3-8 socialize with other dogs
During weeks socialize with humans
During adapt to novel environments
During 7-10 weeks is fear period and traumatic situations should be avoided.
Socializing with other dogs helps them to learn how to be dogs (normal canine behavior): read body posture and communicate their emotional states

6. Canine Juvenile 10 to 12 weeks to maturity
Form secondary relationships
Permanent teeth around week 16
Determine their place in the pack
Secondary relationship = beyond mom and litter maters
Like a teenager: testing the rules, figuring out boundaries except unlike a teenager they are separated from parental figure (teenagers usually exhibit testing in preparation to leave)

7. Time line in Weeks Socialization Juvenile Neonate with other dogs
Avoid traumatic experiences 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1
Transitional
with humans
Juvenile
novel environments
Neonate
with other dogs

8. Canine Adult After sexual maturity Usually 5-6 months but . . . !
Smaller dogs can get pregnant at an earlier age larger breeds can be as long as 18 mo – 2years
Males can start exhibiting unwelcome behavior related to sexual maturity (spraying, wandering) by 9 months
Leg trying to steal a bone
Bailey play dead
The earliest sign of estrus is swelling or engorgement of the external vulva, but this swelling is not always obvious. In many cases, a bloody vaginal discharge will be the first thing that a pet owner will observe when their dog comes into heat. In some cases, the discharge will not be apparent until several days after estrus has begun. The amount of discharge varies with the individual dog; some dogs have only a tiny amount of discharge while others have heavy bleeding. Occasionally, especially in dogs with long dark hair,  the discharge will not be apparent at all.
... a bloody vaginal discharge will be the first thing that a pet owner will observe when their dog comes into heat.
The vaginal discharge will change in color and appearance as the cycle progresses. At first, the discharge is very bloody, but as the days pass, it changes to a watery, pinkish-red discharge, usually about 7-10 days into the cycle. A female dog that is in heat will often urinate more frequently than normal, or may develop 'marking behavior', in which she urinates small amounts on various objects either in the home or when she is on a walk. During the estrus or heat stage of her estrus cycle, her urine contains pheromones and hormones, both of which signal her reproductive state to other dogs. This is the reason that dogs in heat will attract other dogs, particularly males. 
Male dogs can detect a female in heat from a great distance and may begin marking your property with their urine in an attempt to claim their 'territory".
At what stage of the estrus cycle is the dog able to get pregnant?
The female dog usually ovulates at about the time that the vaginal discharge becomes watery; this marks her most fertile stage and at this time she will usually become receptive to breeding.   However, sperm can survive for a week in the reproductive tract and still be capable of fertilizing the eggs, so it is possible that she can get pregnant at any point while she is in estrus. Contrary to popular belief, it is not necessary for the female to 'tie' with the male dog in order to get pregnant (for further information see our handout "Breeding for Pet Owners - Estrus and Mating in Dogs").
Most dogs come into heat twice per year, or about every six months, although the interval can vary between breeds, and from dog to dog. Small breed dogs may cycle three times per year, while giant breed dogs may only cycle once every months.

9. Social behavior
Visual
Olfactory
Vocal

10. Alert, dominate, fearful, relaxed, submissiveC
A=alert, B=relaxed, C=fearful, D=submissive, E=dominance D E

11. Canine visual: Relaxed
Eyes slowly blinking
Ears pricked (up) but not forward, or relaxed slightly down and back
Mouth loose
Tongue may be slightly visible
Weight evenly distributed
Tail down, may show relaxed sweeping back and forth
Eyes relaxed and slowly blinking
Ears pricked (up) but not forward, or relaxed slightly down and back
Mouth loose, corners relaxed, mouth may be slightly open
Tongue may be slightly visible or hanging over lower teeth
Soft muscle tone
Weight evenly distributed on all four feet
Tail down and even, may show relaxed sweeping back and forth

12. Canine visual: alert Eyes open wide
Ears pricked forward, may move back and forth
Mouth closed
Tail pointing away from dog, almost horizontal, not stiff or bristled
Leans body slightly forward
Stands tall on toes
Eyes open wide, alert eye contact (however, this may signal aggression from a strange dog)
Ears pricked and forward, may move back and forth
Mouth closed
Tail pointing away from dog, almost horizontal, not stiff or bristled
Leans body slightly forward
Stands tall on toes

13. Canine visual: Dominance
Tail high
Head up
Ears erect
Direct eye contact
This is offensive

14. Canine visual: Submissive
Tail low & wagging
Presentation of inguinal area
Nuzzling/licking

15. Canine visual: fearful
Ears flattened back
Direct eye contact
Dilated pupils
Corners of mouth drawn back, lips slightly curled
May slightly expose teeth
Nose wrinkled
Body lowered, crouching position
Hackles on neck and back raised
Tail tucked, may slightly wag
better one
Short version of Holly
long Holly version

16. Canine visual: ritualized gestures
Threat
Bluff
Play

17. 1. 10. 6. 2. 7. 4. 3. 8. 5. 9. Relaxed Alert Dominant Fearful
submissive 3. 8. 5. 9.

18. review
submissive

19. Review
dominant

20. review
dominant

21. Review
relaxed

22. review
fearful

23. review
submissive

24. review
alert

25. review
playful

26. Review
One on left is dominant

27. Review
alert

28. review
relaxed

29. review
alert

30. Canine olfactory Feces & urine deposition
“Inspection” of head and anal regions

31. Canine vocal: Bark
Defense
Play
Greeting
Call for attention

32. Canine vocal: Growl
Defense
Warning
Threat

33. Canine vocal: whimpering/whining
Submissive
Greeting
Pain

34. Canine vocal: Howl
When alone mostly
Seeking social contact

35. learning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Why do positive reinforcement? It increases the probability that that behavior will occur again
Fearful behavior—if you are coddling the dog, you may be telling the dog that it is ok to be afraid and this a good way to get attention.

36. Positive reinforcement
Present pleasant or rewarding stimulus immediately following a desirable behavior
Must occur within 3-5 seconds of the desired behavior
More effective but
May reinforce attention- getting & fearful behaviors

37. Negative reinforcement
Occurs when an animal escapes or avoids an aversive stimulus by performing a behavior
This will increase the probability repeating the behavior
Often misunderstood—mistaken for punishment and thought to decrease the frequency of the undesirable behavior—rather it increases the probability of a response, like positive reinforcement
Example: choke collar—the dog will sit or be calm in order to avoid the pressure of the collar (vs positive reinforcement in which you reward the dog with a treat for sitting)
Fear motivated aggression is an example of a behavoir problem that is hard to resolve because it is easily negative reinforced. For a fear-biter, the approach of a person is the averse stimulus. The growling biting dog drives away the person thereby avoiding the stimulus (the person)

38. Compare POSITIVE NEGATIVE Addition of stimulus Food presentation
Give a shock
NEGATIVE
Removal of stimulus
Food deprivation
Escaping a shock

39. Punishment
Presentation of aversive stimulus following unwanted behavior in effort to decrease repeated unwanted behavior
Immediate = within 2 seconds, otherwise considered “noncontingent punishment” which means the aversive event is not contingent on the animal’s behavior. It may exacerbate the problem.
Usually you’ll hear the owner claiming that Fido “looked guility”. Dogs are extremely perceptive and can read your cues indicating a imminent scolding. That guilty look is a submissive posture because the dog feels threatened.
Since you can not be present for every occurrence of the misbehavior, it is virtually impossible to be consistent
The punishing stimulus must be sufficiently unpleasant to stop the behavior after only a few presentations. If the behavior is not stopped then by definition the punishment is not a punishment because it is not sufficiently aversive. Also, the dog may percieve the punishment as reinforcement because it is attention nonetheless. Also, the punishment may elicit fearful or aggressive behavior. It is also difficult to control the intensisty and duration of the punishment and can therefore easily slip into the cruel category. Punishment may result in eliminating the behavior in the owner’s presence but nt absence. Lastly, the dog doesn’t learn the right thing.

40. Punishment Will only work if . . . It’s immediate. It’s consistent.
It’s sufficiently
aversive.
Immediate = within 2 seconds, otherwise considered “noncontingent punishment” which means the aversive event is not contingent on the animal’s behavior. It may exacerbate the problem.
Usually you’ll hear the owner claiming that Fido “looked guility”. Dogs are extremely perceptive and can read your cues indicating a imminent scolding. That guilty look is a submissive posture because the dog feels threatened.
Since you can not be present for every occurrence of the misbehavior, it is virtually impossible to be consistent
The punishing stimulus must be sufficiently unpleasant to stop the behavior after only a few presentations. If the behavior is not stopped then by definition the punishment is not a punishment because it is not sufficiently aversive

41. PUNISHMENT Why it is not ideal . . . It is attention.
May elicit fearful/aggressive behavior.
Difficult to control the intensity and duration.
Work’s only in owner’s presence.
Dog never learns the right thing.
Also, the dog may percieve the punishment as reinforcement because it is attention nonetheless. Also, the punishment may elicit fearful or aggressive behavior. It is also difficult to control the intensisty and duration of the punishment and can therefore easily slip into the cruel category. Punishment may result in eliminating the behavior in the owner’s presence but nt absence. Lastly, the dog doesn’t learn the right thing.

42. Feline vocal Learned Instinctive
Kittens can hiss before their eyes open
Have a strong escape instinct—that’s why you can’t herd them!

43. feline olfactory Provides information regarding: Sexual identity
Time spent at a location
Reproductive stage

44. Feline olfactory: scent marking
Urine spraying
Feces
Rubbing
Clawing/scratching
Urine- intact males
Feces- seldom used as a scent marker because cats often cover feces, however, territorial cats may leave feces ncovered n conspicuous areas
Rubbing-cats deposit secretions from large sebacious glands onto objects or individuals
CAT SPRAY
HEAD RUB
CAT SCRATCH

45. Feline visual: face Undisturbed Erect ears Relaxed whiskers
Normal pupils

46. Feline visual: face Disturbed Flattened ears
Whiskers flat (defensive) or forward (offensive)
Pupils dilated (defensive) or constricted (offensive)
Lips pulled back baring teeth
Nose wrinkled

47. Feline visual: body posture
Friendly
Tail upright

48. Feline visual: body posture
Frightened
Body arched laterally
Piloerection
Tail close to body or erect

49. Feline visual: body posture
Angry
Hindquarters elevated
Tail straight out from body then abruptly bending downward
Tail tip twitching from side to side
OFFENSIVE
DEFENSIVE

50. Feline visual: body posture
Submissive
Avoids eye contact
Ears back
Crouched passively
Belly low to ground
Tail tucked between legs
May lie on back with belly up

51. Feline visual: body posture
Play
Solicit by rolling over to expose belly
Inverted U tail

52. defensive

53. friendly

54. submissive

55. offensive

56. playful

57. Frightened

58. Behavior problems
Aggression
Barking/furniture scratching
Soiling
OCD

59. Restraint What to consider . . . Fear Aggression Age Health The owner!
Why do it?
Why? Protect the animal from harming itself. Protect the animal from harming you.
Old/pregnant: sensitive to stress, old can be arthritic
Young: puppies wiggle so always maintain contact to avoid a fall

60. Most Common

62. Most Common
Horses: chain lead on halter, twitch, tail tie,

63. Restraint equipment
Leads
Muzzles
Rabies pole
Cat bag
Chemical

64. Check point How would you restrain a dog if using the . . .
Cephalic vein?
Jugular artery?
Saphenous vein?
Where is the best place to draw blood on a cat?
Where is the best place to get a large volume of blood from a dog or cat?

65. Check point Where is the best place to draw blood on a cat?
What are common ways to distract a cat during restraint?
What is the philosophy regarding cat restraint?

66. Check point
What is the best type of restraint equipment to use when . . .
A dog is trying to bite?
The dog is friendly?
A cat may be showing signs of aggression?
The animal is feral and exhibiting suspicious neurological symptoms?
The cat or dog is fractious beyond reason?