1. LEADERS OF LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

2. Martin & bolivar:
Both considered the two leading figures in the struggle for independence
Knew that independence in one part of Spanish America would bring independence for all
Met only once: Guayaquil (Ecuador)
Differed on organization of government, structure, and forms of government for each of the new countries

3. Jose de san martin Led a military campaign in the South *Argentina
*Chile
*Bolivia
*Peru

4. Jose de san martin Born in Argentina (1778-1850)
Considered the “liberator” of the South
Was sent to Spain for a formal education & military training (spent 25 years in Spain)
Believed that the liberation of all of Spanish America, including Argentina depended on eliminating the Spanish from the entire continent

5. Jose de san martin
Surprised the royalist army by attacking over the Andes directly into Chile
1818: Chile’s independence (offered leadership, turned down)
Moved on to Peru, with Chile’s help

6. Jose de san martin July 1821: Overthrew the viceroyalty in Lima, Peru
Was made Chief of State with title of Protector
1822: Met Bolivar in Guayaquil

7. Simon Bolivar: Background
July 24, December 17, 1830
Son of a Creole family of Venezuela-- owners of plantations, mines, houses in Caracas, and numerous slaves
Lived and studied in Europe from
Liberal education and travels in Europe opened his mind to European political thinkers-- Hobbes, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

8. Simon bolivar: qualifications
A talented but ruthless soldier
Determined
Excellent leader
Politician
A man of contradictions
Abolitionist, son of slave owners
Sought power but also sought freedom
Wanted to rule but also liberate
Idealistic but realistic
Daring

9. Simon bolivar: role in latin american revolutions
Venezuela
1810 led an uprising to establish a republic
Went as an ambassador to England to gain international support
Declared independence July 5, 1811
New Granada (Colombia)
Set up headquarters in Orinoco River region and established a capital at Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar-- Bolivar City)
Began to publish a newspaper and established a liaison with local
began plan to invade New Granada (Colombia)
December made President and military dictator

10. Simon bolivar: role in latin american revolutions
Ecuador
Efforts lasted about a year, assisted by Antonio Jose de Sucre
Won a key victory at Pichincha (May 24, 1822) that freed Ecuador from Spanish yoke
Peru
Met with San Martin at Guayaquil Conference
Assumed leadership of Peruvian independence movement
December 9, 1824 the Spanish surrendered

12. Simon bolivar: key battles
Battle of Boyaca(1819)
Invaded New Granada (Colombia)
Surprise attacked the Spanish in an agonizing march during the rainy season which cost ¼ of his army and many British volunteers
Bulk of royalist army surrendered
Great morale boost for troops, 3 days later entered Bogota

13. Simon bolivar: key battles
Battle of Carabobo (June 1821)
Venezuela
Brought all the caudillo forces (local militias) together into one grand army
Opened the gates of Caracas and earned Venezuela independence
Battle of Ayacucho (see Peruvian Independence Notes)
Destroyed Spanish forces in Peru

14. Simon bolivar: goals for liberation
Goals for Latin America
Liberty from a colonial power
Legal equality for all men, whatever their class, creed, or color
Unity for South America
A South American Conference

15. Simon bolivar: results
Known as the Father of Latin American Independence
Bolivia is named after him (Upper Peru which Sucre helped gain independence for in April 1825)
Currency of Venezuela is named after him

16. Guayaquil meeting: Bolivar & San Martin meet
to discuss further plans for liberation for Peru
Subject of meeting remained a secret
After meeting, San Martin resigned his position, abdicated from his position as Protector, and retired to private life
1824: San Martin went
to France
1850: died impoverished
and in exile