1. Sub-Saharan African Civilizations

2. East Africa

3. Kush Located south of Egypt Independent State by 1000BCE
Based on farming
Major exports include iron, ivory, gold and slaves

4. Kush Kingdom

5. Meroe 1

6. Meroe 2

7. Kush Coins

8. Axum Began as an arab trading colony Access to Red Sea (Trade Routes)
Competed with Kush over Ivory
Conquered Kush in 4th Century AD
324 AD – King Ezana converts to Christianity

9. Royal Tomb

10. Axum

11. Axum Church

12. African Migrations Spread agriculture and herding
Importance of Bananas
Agriculture  Pop Growth  Government

13. African Political Organization
Stateless Societies
No elaborate hierarchy
Governance through family/kinship groups
Ruling Councils
Chiefdoms
Village conflicts over resources
Powerful chiefs emerged

14. African Society Kinship No Private Property Gender Roles
Skill Jobs for Men
Women had more opportunity
“Sources of Life”
Contrast to Islam

15. African Religion Creator God  Lesser Gods Diviners
Morality from Family

16. Kingdom of Kongo Empire built on trade
Central Government –> Provinces
Royal Currency System

17. City of “Great Zimbabwe” is capital of rich empire.
Location:
Near Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
On the coast of the Indian Ocean.
City of “Great Zimbabwe” is capital of rich empire.

18. East African Trading States
Swahili “Coasters” – Language
Major Cities: Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique.
City-State Rule
Stone Buildings
EXPORTS: Gold, Ivory, Slaves
IMPORTS: Pottery, Glass, Textiles

19. Islam in East Africa Small Islamic trading groups on East coast
Conflict between Christians and Muslims over trade

21. Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe - important trading center.
Africa’s interior <- -> Indian Ocean

22. West Africa

23. Kingdom of Ghana Powerful Central State Absolute Rulers
Well Trained Army
Key Resource – Iron, Gold
Used iron smelting
Huge sums of Gold
Imports = Salt, Textiles, Horses

24. Ghana Koumbi-Saleh: Capital Qadi – Muslim Scholars
Levied Taxes on Trade – Financed Empire
Trans-Saharan Trade Networks
Camel Domesetication
Islam – 10th Century

26. Mali Empire Established by Sundiata Keita “Lion Prince”
Wealth – Gold-Salt Trade
Major City – Timbuktu
Villages ruled by chieftains

28. Mali (Continued) Mansa Musa (ruled 1307 – 1337)
Doubled size of kingdom
Strong central Government
Divided into provinces
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Displayed power and wealth of Mali
Converted many to Islam
Brought back architects and scholars
Encouraged learning and building Mosques

29. The Fall of Mali Crippled Government Provinces Seceded
Nomadic Pressures

31. Mansa Musa the Muslim from Mali

33. Songhai
Major Cities
Kukya, Gao, TIMBUKTU
Dynastic Rule

35. Timbuktu

36. Slave Trade Important form of Personal Wealth Slave Raiding
Foundation for Atlantic Slave Trade
Zanj Revolt

37. Islam in Africa Reinforced the power of the leader
Close relationship with God
Access to Islamic Trade