1. Grab an Everything’s an Argument book off the shelf by the flags.
Intro to rhetoric

2. Everything is an Argument
You are bombarded with them all the time!
The average American sees over
3000 advertisements per day!
In addition to advertising, we see argument in s, texts, conversations in the hallway, television shows, movies, social media… It’s everywhere!

3. Argument is Everywhere!
Being able to break down and analyze an argument is an important skill. It prevents you from being taken advantage of, lied to, tricked, manipulated, etc.
Argument is Everywhere!

4. Being able to analyze someone else’s argument also helps you to create your own persuasive argument, which is a very handy skill!
Argument is Everywhere!

5. Rhetoric and Rhetorical Analysis
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. Western rhetoric originated in ancient Greece as a discipline to prepare citizens to argue in court.
Rhetorical analysis is an examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience.
Rhetorical (adj): hypothetical
Why do we use rhetorical questions?

6. Purposes of argument
Invitational argument Examples?

7. Purposes of argument
Rogerian argument: approaches audiences in nonthreatening ways. See p. 7
Why is this Rogerian?
How does this appeal to audiences?
Who is the audience?

8. Purposes of argument
Arguments to convince seek to inspire a conviction within the audience.

9. Purposes of argument
Arguments to persuade seek to cause an action within the audience.
P. 9
How does the last sentence change the argument? Why?

10. Purposes of argument
To inform
(expository)
p. 10

11. Purposes of argument
To explore
p. 11

12. Purposes of argument
To make decisions

13. Purposes of argument
To meditate or pray

14. Occasions for Argument
Arguments about the past: (forensic arguments) common in business, government, and academia. They rely on evidence/testimony to recreate what is known about past events and offer an analysis of cause and effect.
Arguments about the future: (deliberative arguments) often establish policies for the future, but can be speculative in nature, advanced through reasonable guesses and projections.
Arguments about the present: (ceremonial arguments) usually address contemporary values or widely held beliefs and assumptions that are often debated (inaugural addresses, sermons, eulogies, graduation speeches, etc).

15. Kinds of Argument
Another way to categorize arguments is to look at the issues they address. This system, developed in ancient Greece and Rome, is called stasis theory. The questions were posed in sequence because each depended on the question preceding it.
Did something happen?
What is its nature?
What is its quality or cause?
What actions should be taken?
**Each questions explores a different aspect and uses different evidence/techniques to reach conclusions.

16. Kinds of Argument Arguments of Fact
Involves a statement that can be proved or disproved with specific evidence.
To settle the matter, writers and readers need to ask questions about the “facts.”
Where did the facts come from?
Are they reliable?
Is there a problem with the facts?
Where did the problem begin and what caused it?

17. Kinds of Arguments Arguments of Definition
Is playing video games a sport?
This argument depends on what one considers a “sport,” and whether or not the definition of sport is universal or fluid.
Is same-sex marriage unconstitutional?
What are we trying to define here?

18. Kinds of Arguments Arguments of Evaluation and Proposal
Arguments of Evaluation: Present criteria and then measure individual people, ideas, or things against those standards.
Arguments of Proposal: present the problem in such a way that the reader/audience responds by saying what can we do?

19. Rhetorical Strategies: Pathos
Pathos: An appeal to emotions or feelings including fear, humor, romance, compassion, pity, etc… (Think SPCA / “Save the Children” videos) p

20. Rhetorical Strategies: Ethos
Ethos: An appeal based on the character of the speaker. This appeal is based on whether or not the audience perceives the speaker as someone who is morally competent, trustworthy, and knowledgeable on the subject about which s/he is speaking. (Think celebrity endorsers, doctor testimonials, etc.) p

21. Rhetorical Strategies: Logos
Logos: An appeal to logic or rational reasoning. If you can explain real-life cause and effect and if/then situations, and make reasonable comparisons using facts and figures that can be verified, then you are using logos.
Logos also pertains to logical reason such as syllogism and inductive reasoning

22. Other Rhetorical Strategies
Repetition: Speakers repeat things they want the audience to remember (“I have a dream…”)
Allusion: A reference to commonly known literature pieces, historical events, pop culture, etc. This gives the speaker credibility.
Diction: Strong and deliberate word choice. The words a speaker uses are incredibly important to convey his or her intended message.
Connotation: The emotion behind a word. Ex: retarded versus a person with a disability or skinny versus scrawny
Other devices that speakers commonly use are similes and metaphors, imagery examples, personification, etc.