1. Ferret urogenital diseases
Connie J Orcutt, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian 
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 
Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages (January 2003)
DOI: /S (02)

2. Fig. 1
Penile urethral catheterization using a 22-gauge, 8-inch jugular catheter. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;13(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

3. Fig. 2
Large renal cyst in an 8.5-year-old female spayed ferret. The ferret's serum biochemical crosshairs indicate the kidney boundries analysis revealed no abnormalities in BUN, creatinine, or phosphorus levels.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

4. Fig. 3
(A) Sonogram of a 1.5-year-old female spayed ferret with bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis secondary to ureteral calculi. This ferret also had cystic calculi and bilateral adrenomegaly. (B) Sonogram illustrating hydronephrosis in the same ferret. Crosshairs indicate the kidney boundaries.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

5. Fig. 3
(A) Sonogram of a 1.5-year-old female spayed ferret with bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis secondary to ureteral calculi. This ferret also had cystic calculi and bilateral adrenomegaly. (B) Sonogram illustrating hydronephrosis in the same ferret. Crosshairs indicate the kidney boundaries.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

6. Fig. 4
Survey radiograph of a 4.5-year-old male castrated ferret with cystic (white arrow) and ureteral (black arrow) calculi.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

7. Fig. 5
Temporary cystostomy can be performed on ferrets with urethral obstruction when a urethral catheter cannot be passed. This ferret's urethral obstruction was secondary to prostatic disease. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;3(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

8. Fig. 6
(A) A 4.5-year-old male castrated ferret presented with an acute onset of stranguria. Abdominal exploratory revealed left adrenomegaly and a markedly enlarged prostate gland (right), which communicated with the smaller bladder (left). (B) A left adrenalectomy was performed, and the prostatic abscess was marsupialized. The probe is inserted into the marsupialization site. Urine culture isolated a heavy growth of E. coli, which was sensitive to cefazolin. After several days, drainage from the marsupialization site stopped, the stoma healed by second intention, and the ferret recovered with no complications. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;3(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

9. Fig. 6
(A) A 4.5-year-old male castrated ferret presented with an acute onset of stranguria. Abdominal exploratory revealed left adrenomegaly and a markedly enlarged prostate gland (right), which communicated with the smaller bladder (left). (B) A left adrenalectomy was performed, and the prostatic abscess was marsupialized. The probe is inserted into the marsupialization site. Urine culture isolated a heavy growth of E. coli, which was sensitive to cefazolin. After several days, drainage from the marsupialization site stopped, the stoma healed by second intention, and the ferret recovered with no complications. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;3(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

10. Fig. 7
Marsupialization of prostatic abscesses allows drainage of septic material outside of the abdomen. The marsupialization site heals by second intention once the drainage stops.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

11. Fig. 8
(A) The surgeon is elevating a cystic mass found dorsal to the bladder (which is to the left of the mass in this photo) in a 3-year-old female spayed ferret that presented with stranguria of 2 days' duration and a swollen vulva. (B) The mass was biopsied and marsupialized, and the enlarged right adrenal gland was removed. Histopathologic examination could not confirm the exact origin of the cystic mass, but a stump pyometra or a cystic urogenital anomaly was suspected. The ferret recovered uneventfully. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;3(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

12. Fig. 8
(A) The surgeon is elevating a cystic mass found dorsal to the bladder (which is to the left of the mass in this photo) in a 3-year-old female spayed ferret that presented with stranguria of 2 days' duration and a swollen vulva. (B) The mass was biopsied and marsupialized, and the enlarged right adrenal gland was removed. Histopathologic examination could not confirm the exact origin of the cystic mass, but a stump pyometra or a cystic urogenital anomaly was suspected. The ferret recovered uneventfully. (From Orcutt C. Treatment of urogenital disease in ferrets. Exotic DVM 2001;3(3):31–7.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )

13. Fig. 9
Preputial apocrine gland adenocarcinoma prior to penile amputation and urethrostomy. (From Fisher PG. Urethrostomy and penile amputation to treat urethral obstuction and preputial masses in male ferrets. Exotic DVM 2002;3(6):21–5.)
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, DOI: ( /S (02) )