1. Ocean Zones/Floor
Chapter 5

2. Exploring the Ocean
People have studied the ocean since ancient times, because the ocean provides food and serves as a route for trade and travel. Modern scientists have studied the characteristics of the ocean’s waters and the ocean floor.

3. Exploring the Ocean Floor
sonar (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) clip a major advance in floor mapping which uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object.

4. Features of the Ocean Floor simulation Google Earth Sea Tour
If you could travel along the ocean floor, you would see:
the continental shelf
gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent
the continental slope
the steep edge of a continental shelf
the abyssal plain
the smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean floor
the mid-ocean ridge
a continuous range of mountains that winds around Earth
Trench
a steep sided canyon in the ocean floor
Seamount – a mountain on the ocean floor,
completely under water
Complete Diagram

5. Earth’s Layers The Earth consists of the following layers:
the core – Earth’s center
the mantle – the thick molten layer between the core and the crust
the crust – the thin, rocky, outer layer of Earth

6. Earth’s Plates
plates – the pieces of Earth’s crust, along with parts of the upper mantle
Plate movements have shaped many of the most dramatic features of Earth, both on land and under the ocean.
seafloor spreading – a process by which new rock is added to the ocean floor along the boundary between diverging plates Bill Nye's clip
Seafloor spreading is slowly causing Earth’s plates to move together.

7. Seafloor Spreading

8. Ocean Zones Ocean zones include: the intertidal zone the neritic zone
the highest high-tide line on land
the neritic zone
Extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf
the open-ocean zone
the ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf

9. Life in the Ocean
Scientists classify marine organisms according to where they live and how they move.
Plankton – tiny algae and animals that float in the water and are carried by waves and currents
Nekton – free-swimming animals that can move throughout the water column
Benthos – organisms that inhabit the ocean floor

10. Ocean Food Webs
Food web All of the feeding relationships that exist in a habitat.
Note the importance of
Phytoplankton (algae)
and zooplankton
(microscopic animals) at
Its base.
Science Nation - Surprising Study

11. Intertidal Zone
Organisms that live in the warm shallow waters of the rocky intertidal zone must be able to tolerate the constant pounding of the waves and changes in both salinity and temperature. They must also withstand periods of being underwater (wet) and periods of being exposed to the air. (dry) clip

12. Neritic Zone
Kelp forests and coral reefs are found here. The somewhat shallow, warm water over the continental shelf receives sunlight and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land into the ocean. The light and nutrients enable large plant-like algae grow. (clip) grow. A large variety of plants and animals are found here. This zone houses the most life overall of all the zones( excluding the surface zone)..

13. Coral Reef Why should you care?
A coral reef is another type of diverse habitat found in the neritic zone.
Coral reefs can form only in shallow, tropical ocean waters.

14. Life in a Kelp Forest
Kelp forests grow in somewhat cold neritic waters where the ocean has a rocky floor. clip

15. Conditions in the Open Ocean Habitat
The open ocean differs from the neritic zone in two important ways. First, only a small part of the open ocean receives sunlight. Second, the water has fewer nutrients.
The three open ocean zones:
The Surface Zone (Sunlight)
The Transition Zone (Twilight)
The Deep Zone(Midnight)
Bioluminescence – the production of light by living things

16. Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal vents are places where ocean water sinks through cracks in the ocean floor and is heated by the underlying magma. The heated water then rises again through the cracks. Water is filled with minerals.

17. Resources From the Ocean
People depend heavily on fishes and other ocean organisms for food. Ocean organisms also provide materials that are used in products such as detergents and paints.
Aquaculture – the farming of saltwater and freshwater organisms
Overfishing our oceans
The problem

18. Nonliving Resources Some nonliving ocean resources include: Water
Fuels (oil)
Minerals
Nodules – black lumps formed when metals concentrate around pieces of shell

19. Ocean Pollution
Although some ocean pollution is the result of natural occurrences, most pollution is related to human activities.
It is important for humans to protect Earth’s oceans.

20. You can make a difference
Stop ocean pollution