2. Characteristics that describe living things
Organization
Complex Structure and Order
Metabolism
Sum of the chemical reactions that drive life functions
Anabolism – building large molecules from small molecules
Catabolism – breaking large molecules into small molecules
Growth and Development
Increasing size and specialization depending on form and function
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and react to stimuli (change) in the environment
Regulation
Adjust and direct bodily function in response to environmental change
Homeostasis – ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
Reproduction
Replication of cells for growth and repair (cellular level) and to create new organisms (organismal level)

3. Levels of organization in the body
Chemical Level – the atoms and molecules that make up the basic components of the cell.
Cellular Level – the basic building blocks of tissues. Cells have distinct functions with their respective unique position with the body.
Tissue Level – made up of similar cells with a common function.
4 basic types: Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous
Organ Level – two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body that no other organ can perform
System Level – multiple organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Organismal level – represents the sum total of the structural levels working together to promote life.

4. Intro to the organ systems
Integumentary System
Protection
Responsiveness
Metabolism (VitD)
Skeletal System
Support & Protection
Storage (calcium & phosphate)
Movement
Muscular System
Generates Heat
Nervous System
Regulatory

5. Intro to the organ systems
Endocrine System
Not a true system
Regulatory
Cardiovascular System
Movement
Metabolism
Lymphatic System
Protection
Respiratory System
Excretion

6. Intro to the organ systems
Urinary System
Regulatory
Responsiveness
Excretion
Digestive System
Metabolism
Movement
Reproductive System
Replication

7. Body Planes and Sections
The Anatomic position
Body is upright
Palms facing anteriorly
The planes represent the direction a knife would cut through the body
The 3 Major Anatomic planes of reference
Coronal
Transverse
Midsaggital (Medial)

8. Orientation Terms

9. Orientation Terms

10. Regional Anatomical terms
Two main regions
Axial: includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: includes arms and legs
Specific Regions within the two main regions.
Thoracic

11. Regional Anatomical terms
Two main regions
Axial: includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: includes arms and legs
Specific Regions within the two main regions.

12. The Body Cavities Cavity is a hollow areas within the body
A true cavity is a fluid-filled space
Named for either the bones that surround them or the organs contained within
Posterior Aspect
Aka Dorsal body cavity
Completely encased in bone
Physically and Developmentally separate from the Ventral cavity
Two continuous cavities
Cranial cavity – houses the brain
Vertebral cavity – houses spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
Larger and anteriorly placed
Lined with a serous membrane
Divided into 2 subdivisions by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

13. Serosa
Serosa or serous membranes are membranes that surround the organs in the ventral cavities
Dual-layered: folded in on itself (two parts)
Parietal: fused to the cavity wall
Visceral: nearest the organs (viscera)
The space between the two walls are filled with a thin layer of fluid (serous)
Allows for the limited free movement of organs without friction
Named for the specific cavity/organ associated with.
Example: parietal pericardium -or- visceral peritoneum

14. The thoracic cavity Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Three compartments
Pleural cavities (2)
Surrounded by a two-layer serous membrane – pleura
Outer layer is parietal: associated with thoracic wall
Inner layer is visceral: associated with lung
Filled with serous fluid
Surrounds the lungs
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

15. The thoracic cavity Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Three compartments
Pleural cavities (2)
Mediastinum
Houses the heart (within the pericardial cavity) and major blood vessels
Houses the thymus
Houses trachea and esophagus
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart
Surrounded by a two-layer serous membrane – pericardium
Outer layer is parietal: forms the outer layer of the sac
Inner layer is visceral: forms the outer surface of the heart
Filled with serous fluid

16. The abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm serves to separate the thoracic from abdominopelvic
Subdivided into two smaller cavities
Abdominal cavity
Superior cavity defined by the superior ridge of the hips
Houses most of the digestive tract (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.), kidneys, and most of the ureters
Partially protected by lower ribs
Pelvic cavity
Inferior cavity below the superior ridge of the hips
Mostly protected by the pelvic girdle
Contains reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal portion of the large intestines
Peritoneal cavity
Surrounded by a two-layer serous membrane – peritoneum
Outer layer is parietal: associated with the abdominopelvic wall
Inner layer is visceral: covers external surface of the organs
Contains serous fluid

17. Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomists use nine partitions to compartmentalize the abdominopelvic region
Knowing how things are named makes it easier to learn
Descriptives
Left & right (relative to the patient, not you)
Prefixes
Hypo = below
Epi = above
Regions
Umbilical = named for the umbilicus (naval)
-gastric = belly; medial regions
-chondriac = cartilage; refers to the overlying costal cartilage
Lumbar = region matching the lumbar
Iliac = region protected by ilium (hip)

18. Abdominopelvic regions
Health care professionals use four partitions (called quadrants) to compartmentalize the abdominopelvic region
Its easier and quicker

19. Homeostasis
A body’s ability to maintain relatively stable conditions even though the outside environment changes continuously.
A dynamic state of equilibrium or balance
A body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met & it is functioning smoothly

20. Homeostasis Variable – the substance or process being regulated
Stimulus – the change in the variable
The components of regulatory system
Receptor – the body structure that detects stimuli
Control Center – interprets the input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector
Effector – the structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus
Set Point – the normal range for the variable

21. Negative Feedback Common mechanism of regulation
Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite of the initial change
Example: Thermostat control

22. Positive Feedback Less common mechanism of control
Causes the variable to be enhanced in the direction of the initial change
Example: Contractions during labor and breastfeeding