1. African Colonies—Nationalism Rises

2. Pan-Africanism, Negritude Movement

3. African Union 1963

4. Ghana

5. Kwame Nkrumah

6. After WW2, the British began giving Ghana more and more independence, for example, more Africans in the legislature.
Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts
He was imprisoned by the British government often
First African colony to receive independence—in 1957!
Nkrumah pushed through new roads, schools, and health facilities.
However, Ghana has largely shifted back and forth between civilian and military rule.

7. Kenya

8. Jomo Kenyatta

9. Kenyatta rose as a strong nationalist leader
The Mau Mau rose as a secret society that used guerilla warfare to force the British off of highland farm land and give it back to the Mau Mau
Because Kenyatta did not condemn the Mau Mau, the British imprisoned him for more than a decade
10,000 Africans and 100 British settlers died in the fighting
Kenya got independence in 1963!
After Kenyatta, leadership was weaker….

10. Algeria

11. Ahmed Ben Bella

12. After WW2, the French refused to share political power with the native Algerians
Algerians formed the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in to fight for independence.
French sent half a million troops to Algeria
Atrocities committed on both sides
FLN won—Algeria became independent in 1962
The first president attempted to make the country socialist but was overthrown my the military (Western help?)
Still tensions and civil war between groups

13. Congo

14. Mobutu Sese Seko

15. Belgium granted independence in 1960, but had made to preparations for the transition and had ruled the Congolese very badly beforehand.
Belgians had exploited and further exacerbated tribal tensions in Congo.
When they got independence, they descended into civil war
Mobutu seized power and ruled as a dictator for over 30 years.

16. Angola

17. Holden Roberto

18. Portugal did not want to grant independence and sent troops to stop the independence movement
Portugal spend half its national budget on holding onto Angola
Finally, the expense and protests at home led the Portuguese to leave Angola in 1975
When they left, the country was torn aby civil war (one side supported by US and South Africa, one side supported by USSR and Cuba)
2002 –cease fire