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Mi öröklődik a géneken kívül?
Szathmáry Eörs Collegium Budapest Eötvös University
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Units of evolution multiplication heredity
variation hereditary traits affecting survival and/or reproduction
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The formose ‘reaction’
formaldehyde autocatalysis glycolaldehyde Butlerow, 1861
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The reductive citric acid cycle
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Von Kiedrowski’s replicator
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Peptide replicator networks
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Classification of replicators
Limited heredity Unlimited heredity Holistic formose Modular Von Kiedrowski genes Limited (# of individuals) (# of types) Unlimited (# of individuals) << (# of types)
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King (1980): evolution of the coenzymes
He looked at the metabolic maps then Coenzymes looked auto- and cross-catalytic BUT the situation is slightly more complicated The idea nicely links to the assumed primitive ancestry of coenzymes (related to the idea of the RNA world)
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An autocatalytic cycle in the given environment
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Although A is autocatalytic, it is not strictly needed
Dependent on the environment!
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Autocatalysis of the pair (A, B) is more complicated, but easy to see
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If this is big, you may not realize the autocatalysts
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The basic question Could one kick-start metabolism just with external molecules and macromolecules (genes an enzymes)? Influx buildup of metabolism?
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Metabolic networks
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Membrane heredity
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Principle of membrane heredity
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Epigenetic inheritance
Structural inheritance (e.g. cortical inheritance in ciliates) Autocatalytic gene activity Chromatin marking (e.g. methylation)
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Prions
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Strain-specific prion propagation
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Yeast and fungal amyloid prions
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Genetic and epigenetics
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Regulation of gene expression by constitutive expression of a protein
After division the state is inherited because enough protein is around
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Stable and unstable epigenetic markings
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Inheritance of DNA methylation patterns
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Linaria flower inheritance
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Linaria (gyújtoványfű)
A naturally occurring mutant of Linaria vulgaris, originally described more than 250 years ago by Linnaeus, in which the fundamental symmetry of the flower is changed from bilateral to radial. The mutant carries a defect in Lcyc, a homologue of the cycloidea gene which controls dorsoventral asymmetry in Antirrhinum. The Lcyc gene is extensively methylated and transcriptionally silent in the mutant. This modification is heritable and co-segregates with the mutant phenotype. Occasionally the mutant reverts phenotypically during somatic development, correlating with demethylation of Lcyc and restoration of gene expression. It is surprising that the first natural morphological mutant to be characterized should trace to methylation, given the rarity of this mutational mechanism in the laboratory. This indicates that epigenetic mutations may play a more significant role in evolution than has hitherto been suspected.
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Somatic instability of peloric plants
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Types of transmitted variation
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Language is not Weismannian
germ DNA protein germ soma germ Neural representation sentence
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Chimpanzee culture Each chimpanzee community has its own unique array of traditions that together constitute the local ‘culture’. ‘Customary’ acts are those typical in the community, ‘habitual’ ones are less common but consistent with social transmission, and ‘absent’ acts are those missing with no apparent straightforward environmental explanation. Traditions are defined as behaviour patterns that are customary or habitual in at least one site but absent elsewhere. Transmission is attributed to social learning on the basis of a complex of circumstantial evidence, ranging from intense observation by juveniles to distributions inconsistent with alternative explanations.
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The cultures of wild chimpanzees
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The different social conventions of neighbours: the grooming hand-clasp
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Tool-set for harvesting termites
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Selective copying
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Why is language so interesting?
Because everybody knows that only we talk …although other animals may understand a number of words Language makes long-term cumulative cultural evolution possible A novel type of inheritance system with showing “unlimited hereditary” potential
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Design features of language
Compositionality (meaning dependent on how parts are combined) Recursion (phrases within phrases) Symbolicism (versus icons and indices) Cultural transmission (rather than genetic) SYMBOLIC REFERENCE and SYNTAX
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Three interwoven processes
Note the different time-scales involved Cultural transmission: language transmits itself as well as other things, has its own dynamics
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