1. Skeletal System

2. Function of the Skeletal System
Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs
Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain
Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

3. Types of Bones
Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid- patella

4. Bone Classification

5. Anatomy of a Long Bone spongy bone Proximal compact bone epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
periosteum
hyaline cartilage

6. Axial Skeleton

7. Appendicular Skeleton

8. Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Facial Bones
Anterior View

9. Axial Skeleton
Cranium
Facial Bones
Lateral View

10. Axial Skeleton
Posterior View

11. Axial Skeleton
Inferior View

12. Sinal Cavities Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
Warm and moisten air
Lighten the skull
Enhance voice resonance

13. The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Axial Skeleton
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

14. Cervical Vertebrae

17. The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3)
Axial Skeleton
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)

18. Axial Skeleton
Sacrum & Coccyx

19. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

20. The Upper Limb (Forelimb)
Appendicular Skeleton
The Upper Limb (Forelimb)
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

21. Humorus

22. Ulna & Radius

23. Hand Bones

24. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis

25. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischium

27. Appendicular Skeleton
The Lower Limb (Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

28. Femur

29. Patella

30. Tibia & Fibula

31. Foot
phelangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies

32. Fetal Skull

33. Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
Fibrous Joints
Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
suture
pubis symphisis

34. Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)
Cartilagenous Joints
Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)

35. (diarthrosis)- freely moveable
Synovial Joints
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur

36. Synovial Joints joint capsule pelvis hyaline cartilage synovial cavity
femur

37. Knee Joint

38. Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Adduction
Abduction

39. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)
Fetal Skeleton
275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

40. bone cartilage calcified cartilage epiphyseal line epiphyseal plate
Fetus: 1st 2 months
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification center
bone
cartilage
calcified cartilage
Just before birth
epiphyseal line
epiphyseal plate
Childhood
Adult

41. Bone cells that aid in remodeling
Osteoblast
Builds new bone
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
OsteoblastsOsteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralisation.
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts are specialised cells that resorb bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite.
OsteocytesBone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength. Osteocytes are thought to be part of the cellular feed-back mechanism which directs bone to form in the places where it is most needed. They lie within mineralised bone and it is thought that they may detect mechanical deformation and mediate the response of the osteoblasts.
Osteoclast
Eats bone

42. Bone Repair: Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
Increases speed and completeness of healing
The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:
Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:
Transplant fibula in arm
Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments
4. Bone substitutes:
Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis
Sea bone- coral
Artificial bone- ceramic

44. Repair of Fractures
hematoma
callus
bony callus
bone
remodeling

45. Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
age, gender (more in women)
estrogen and testosterone decrease
insufficient exercise (or too much)
diet poor in Ca++ and protein
abnormal vitamin D receptors
smoking

46. Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

47. Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

48. INQUIRY What is a fontanel? How many bones in the adult skeleton?
What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton?
What is a meniscus?
Demonstrate adduction.
Weight bearing vertebrae are called?
What does an osteoclast do/
Extra Credit: 1-page reaction paper on bipedalism and problems associated with our human frame. Attach article. Turn in 1-week from today.