1. Optimal Trial Design for Studying Urinary Markers in Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review 
Yair Lotan, Peter C. Black, Laura Caba, Sam S. Chang, Michael S. Cookson, Siamak Daneshmand, Ashish M. Kamat, James M. McKiernan, Raj S. Pruthi, Chad R. Ritch, Gary D. Steinberg, Robert S. Svatek, Ellen C. Zwarthoff 
European Urology Oncology 
Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages (August 2018)
DOI: /j.euo
Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Biomarker studies: experimental and nonexperimental study types with examples. PSA=prostate-specific antigen.
European Urology Oncology 2018 1, DOI: ( /j.euo )
Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Randomized trial design for hematuria evaluation comparing the standard approach and a marker-based approach. Int=intermediate.
European Urology Oncology 2018 1, DOI: ( /j.euo )
Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Randomized trial comparing surveillance with standard evaluation and standard evaluation with addition of a marker.
European Urology Oncology 2018 1, DOI: ( /j.euo )
Copyright © 2018 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions