1. Preventing Communicable Diseases

2. Preventing Communicable Disease
Wash hands frequently
Eat a balanced diet and be physically active
Avoid the use of tobacco, and other drugs
Avoid sharing utensils, makeup, combs and brushes, and other personal objects
Prepare and handle food safely.

3. Preventing Communicable Disease
6. Avoid unnecessary contact with people who are ill.
7. Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing.
8. Keep immunizations up-to-date
9. Practice abstinence from sexual activity.
Manage stress, which can make you vulnerable to illness

4. The Immune Response

5. The Innate Immune Response
Inborn, nonspecific (general) defenses against infection

6. Physical Barriers Your body’s first line of defense.
Unbroken Skin – the tough dead cells that make up the outer layer of skin forms an effective barrier to prevent pathogens from entering body tissues.
The more piercings or tattoos you have allows entryways for pathogens into your body.

7. Physical Barriers
Mucous Membranes – the soft, skin-like lining of many parts of the body, which have cilia (tiny hair-like structures) and produce mucus to trap pathogens.
These trapped pathogens are then expelled when you cough or sneeze

8. Chemical Barriers
Includes enzymes in tears and saliva, and acidic digestive juices, which help destroy bacteria

9. Body Cells
White blood cells (Phagocytes), which destroy pathogens in the bloodstream by phagocytosis, a process of engulfing and destroying pathogens.
Neutrophils and macrophages are the chief types of phagocytes involved with phagocytosis.

10. Inflammatory Response
A reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
The purpose is to prevent further tissue damage and stop invading pathogens

11. Inflammatory Response
Chemical mediators are released, which cause the blood vessels to dilate (widen) increasing blood flow.
This allows fluids and phagocytes to leave the blood stream and enter the body tissues where they destroy the pathogen.
Pus, a collection of dead white blood cells and damaged tissue may collect at the site of inflammation as a response to bacteria.

12. Inflammatory Response
Once the pathogens are killed and tissue damage is under control, tissue repair can begin.
Symptoms of inflammation include heat, redness, and swelling.

13. The Adaptive Immune System
This includes lymphocytes, which mount specific attacks against particular types of pathogens.

14. B Cells
Produce antibodies, a protein that acts against a specific antigen.
Each B cell is programmed to make one type of antibody, specific to a particular pathogen.
Some antibodies attach to foreign antigens to mark them for destruction. Some destroy invading pathogens, and others block viruses from entering the body.

15. T Cells
Helper T Cells – trigger the production of B cells and killer T cells. Killer T Cells – stimulated to multiply by the presence of infected body cells, they attach to these cells and release toxins to destroy them. Suppressor T Cells – coordinate the activities of other T cells. They “turn off” or suppress T cells when the infection has been cleared

16. Memory Lymphocytes Your immune system actually has a memory.
Some T cells and B cells that have been activated by antigens become memory cells, which circulate in your bloodstream and lymphatic systems.
When memory cells recognize a former invader, the immune system uses antibodies and killer T cells to stop it.

17. Immunity
Active Immunity – The immunity your body develops to protect you from diseases.
Passive Immunity – The immunity your body develops from receiving antibodies from another person or animal. It is short-lived, usually only lasting weeks to months.

18. Active Immunity Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Develops when your body is exposed to antigens from invading pathogens.
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Develops in response to a vaccine, a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response. In this way, vaccines cause your body to produce antibodies without actually causing the disease.

19. Passive Immunity Natural Passive Immunity
Occurs when antibodies pass from mother to child during pregnancy or while nursing.
Artificial Passive Immunity
Results from an injection of antibodies produced by an animal or a human who is immune to the disease.

20. Vaccines Live-Virus Vaccines
Made from pathogens grown under special laboratory conditions to make them lose most of their disease-causing properties.
Although weakened, the organism can still stimulate the production of antibodies.
The vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and for chicken pox are produced this way.

21. Vaccines Killed-Virus Vaccines These use inactivated pathogens.
Even though they are dead, the organism still stimulates an immune response and antibodies are produced.
Flu shots, the Salk vaccine for polio, and the vaccines for hepatitis A, rabies, cholera, and the plague are all made this way.

22. Vaccines
Toxoids
These are inactivated toxins from pathogens used to stimulate the production of antibodies.
Though many pathogens are not harmful to themselves, the toxins they produce cause sickness. Toxoids can be used to protect the body against such illnesses.
Both tetanus and diphtheria immunizations use toxoids.

23. Vaccines New & Second Generation Vaccines
These are being developed by scientists using new technology.
An example is the vaccine for hepatitis B, which is made from genetically altered yeast cells.
Even though it is not made from the pathogen, it tricks the body into producing antibodies,

24. Health & Wellness IQ

25. There is no way to prevent infectious diseases.

26. There is no way to prevent infectious diseases
There is no way to prevent infectious diseases. False They can be prevented by good hygiene, demonstrating good respiratory etiquette, practicing safe food sanitation, and getting vaccines.

27. Fevers are harmful.

28. Fevers are harmful. It Depends During a fever, the body raises its temperature to block the growth of bacteria and stimulate white blood cells, however, if a fever is too high, it can be harmful to the body.

29. Vaccines work by causing a mild form of an infectious disease.

30. Vaccines work by causing a mild form of an infectious disease. True

31. It is important to keep immunizations up-to-date.

32. It is important to keep immunizations up-to-date. True

33. Hand sanitizers are just as effective as hand washing.

34. Hand sanitizers are just as effective as hand washing
Hand sanitizers are just as effective as hand washing. False Hand sanitizers are effective at killing bacteria, but are not as effective as hand washing.