1. Unit 3 Review Possible Writing Questions

2. Culture and Beliefs. How does it originate and/or spread.
Identify and explain ONE religion, belief, philosophy or ideology that originated and spread between 600 and 1450 as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks.
Buddhism spreads from India to China through Silk Road Trades. Impact: Tang Dynasty rulers adopted Buddhist scholars instead of Confucius scholars.
Islam originated and spread from the Middle East to (1) the Sudanic states of Sub- Saharan Africa (Ghana, Mali and Songhay) through Trans-Saharan trade, (2) to S.E. Asia through Indian Ocean trade, to the Swahili states through Indian Ocean trade. Sufis (mystical Muslims) helped spread Islam the people while scholars helped spread Islam through rulers.

3. Impact of the spread of culture. The effects...
Identify and explain ONE religion, belief system, philosophy or ideology and explain how it affected political, economic and social developments between 600 and 1450.
Sub-Saharan Africa - In 600, most of Africa is polytheistic, animistic except for Ethiopia where Christianity had spread to Ethiopia during the rule of the Roman Empire - so a continuity from previous era. Islam entered through trade around 700s. Impact: rise of new Islamic empires: Ghana, Mali (Timbuktu) and Songhay empires - rulers, merchants and elites converted to Islam and became Muslims, all other Africans remained polytheistic. Islam also spread to Swahili states such as Kilwa through Indian Ocean trade.
The Americas: polytheistic, animistic, Mayan tradition of human sacrifice to please the gods continues with Aztecs that rule between 1200 and The Incas in the Andean region also practice human sacrifice to please gods.
Culture also spread the migratino of merchants who formed diasporic communities. See K.C.3.1.III.B.

4. Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of culture, technologies and scientific knowledge between 600 and 1450.
Review Southernization article.
Silk Roads trade takes Buddhism to China, image of Buddha changes - fat
Central Asian pastoralists spread horse warfare technology into Europe and China.
Sufis, Muslims that practiced the faith using mysticism, spread Islam throughout the Middle East and India. Merchants also spreading Islam.
Islamic empires helped spread knowledge from East to West bringing Chinese and Indian science, inventions and math to Europe.
Migration of people also leads to cultural diffusion - Bantu and Turkish languages, Polynesian migration leads spreading farming to islands in the Pacific.
See K.C. 3.1.II.A.B.C.

5. Explain how different forms of governance have been constructed and maintained between 600 and 1450 and why they have changed over time.
New empires in the Middle East - Islamic, caliphates, Umayyad and Abbasid (Golden Age) of Islamic world - jizya - all taxed non-Muslims. Promoted trade in the region. Socially - merchants had a higher status in the social structure, Mecca became the center of trade, government and religion. Women faced new restrictions, isolated to home life, wearing of veils - not seen in Sub-Saharan Islamic women. Promoted the movement of new scientific and mathematical knowledge from east to west. Abbasid ends in 1258 when Mongols capture Baghdad, Seljuk Turks rule present day Turkey and by 1450 the Ottoman Empires now rule over the Middle East.
Feudalism was another new form of governance, a new political system that arose in Western Europe. Feudal lords rule instead of kings, their militaries are greater than what kings are able to raise, lords have knights who pledged loyalty to their lords in exchange for land, code of honor = chivalry, peasants became serfs and lived in manors. In Japan Feudalism arose with new shogunates, the Emperor lost political power to the shoguns, warlords at war with each other. Samurais pledged loyalty to their shogun or lesser lords called daimyos. A code of honor excited among Samurais - bushido.
Khannates - New empires made up of tribal, pastoralists Mongols, i.e. Il-Khannates in Persia, Khannate of the Golden Horde in Russia,

6. Explain how different forms of governance have been constructed and maintained between 600 and 1450 and why they have changed over time.
Middle East: In 600 the Byzantine ruled a portion of the region but Arabian peninsula ruled by warring tribes of Bedouins and Sassanid Empire ruled Persian lands. Political changes occurs in the Middle East because the rise and spread of Islam unites the people under one faith, leading to centralized empires ruled by Muslim leaders known as Caliphates. Entire peninsula and region is UNITED due to conquering Islamic armies that set up the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Turks will move into the Middle East and set up their own Islamic states, known as sultanates towards the 1450s.

7. Explain how different forms of governance have been constructed and maintained between 600 and 1450 and why they have changed over time.
South Asia - India.
New sultanates, Islamic empires ruled India beginning with the Delhi Sultanate. Review Delhi rule of India.
East Asia:
China = Sui reunites, Tang (controlled much of the Silk Road, rulers used Buddhist scholars, Tributary states of Japan, Vietnam & Korea), Song Dynasty (a return of Confucianism known as Neo-Confucianism because of Buddhist influence, footbinding for elite women, new technology, compass, gunpowder, printing press, junks in the water, a Commercial Revolution) Yuan Dynasty (Mongol rule, open to Central Asian experts, merchants, beliefs, much of trade through Silk Roads) Ming Dynasty (trade expands, turns to maritime trade, Yongle Emperor sends Zheng He to explore the seas and set up new tributary states in early 1400 by Yongle dies and exploration is discontinued.

8. Explain how and why economic, social, cultural and geographical factors have influenced the process of state building, expansion and dissolution between 600 and Differentiate between internal and external factors.
The Americas - Mayans collapsed by 900s c.e. Conquest of neighbors led to the rise of the Aztecs and Incas. In 1200s the Aztecs in Mesoamerica and Incas in Andean region of South America. Inca was more centralized and emperors controlled all the resources and distributed them back to the people - Inca Socialism. Quippu - knots to count - census. Conquest by Spanish conquistadors and internal problems led to the fall of Aztecs and Incas.
Religious beliefs - polytheistic - human sacrifice used as ritual - continuity from Mayans but escalates with Aztec rule; Inca mita system - forced labor system - bridges, roads, chinampas = Aztec floating gardens.

9. Explain how societies with states and state-less societies interacted between 600 and 1450.
Mongols conquering neighboring empires but set up their own empires: Yuan Dynasty in China, the Golden Horde in Russia, the il-Khannate in Persia.
Explain the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors between 600 and 1450.
Trade routes, i.e. Silk Road pastoralists Central Asians that escort caravans, Indian Ocean - Malay sailors,
Berbers in northern Africa escort trading caravans, spread Islam

10. Explain how different modes and locations of production and commerce have developed and changed between 600 and 1450.
Trans-Saharan trade due to new Muslim Caliphate, camel, gold and salt, results = new Islamic Empires: Ghana, Mali (rule of Mansa Musa), Songhay
Indian ocean trade due to continuation of monsoon winds, Arab dhows (triangular lateen sails), rise of large empires in China stimulated trade, Chinese junk (large ships), magnetic compass, astrolabe, spices from S.E. Asia, Java island, gold from Swahili states, cotton textiles from India, new technologies travelled from east to west such as gunpowder
Silk Roads due to rise of the Mongols ( ) that united Asia, guarded caravans. Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace refers to era Mongols ruled Eurasia, trade flourishes along Silk Roads
What’s continued: The Americas still isolated, limited trade, no Europeans in Indian Ocean and no Trans-Atlantic trade yet.

11. Explain how and why labor systems have developed and changed between 600 and 1450.
Arabs begin the use of African slaves as workers for their sugar plantations around Persia.
Serfs in the feudal system of Western Europe. Tied to the land and owned by the lords that owned the manors, a protected fief that was self-sufficient during the early medieval era of Western Europe known as the Dark Ages. This was a forced labor system as they were not free to leave. Also happened in Japan during their feudal period.
Merchants form guilds, an organization that regulates trade in the town. The Hanseatic League in northern Europe was made up of important merchant guilds.
In the Inca empire, the mit’a system was used. Under the mita system, males of the lower class were required to work on government projects such as roads, bridges and temples for a certain number of weeks out of the year. This was a labor tax.

12. Explain how distinctions based on kinship, ethnicity, class, gender and race influenced the development and transformations of social hierarchies between 600 and 1450.
Indian Hindus were not equal to Turkish Muslims in the Delhi Sultanate.
Under feudal systems in Western Europe and Japan, social class was determined by your place in the feudal pyramid. Lords were above knights and samurais and peasants/serfs were at the bottom.
See next era for race impacting social hierarchy.
Gender equality was more evident in pastoralist societies such as the Mongols. Fought alongside men on horses.

13. Evaluate the extent to which different ideologies, philosophies and religions affected social hierarchies between 600 and In India, the caste system continued from before and the Hindu faith continued to support the caste system. Islam was INTRODUCED to India through conflict as Turks conquered northern India and set up the Delhi Sultanate in Although Islam preached all believers were equal under the eyes of Allah, Muslim rulers discriminated against Hindus in the early years of Delhi rule.
In China, the return of Confucianism under Song Dynasty known as Neo-Confucianism because it incorporated some Daoist elements led to a more patriarchal society, i.e. (1) the beginning of foot binding for elite women and (2) the return of the scholar-gentry class to a top position in society.
Buddhist communities continued to offer opportunities to women, lessening patriarchy because female monastic orders existed where women could become Buddhist nuns and live in these communities. This was also available in Christian communities where women could become Catholic nuns.
In Mali, on of the empires of Sub-Saharan Africa, the traveler Ibn Battuta complained that Muslim women were not pious enough in how they dressed and how they freely interacted with men in public.