1. Taxonomy

2. Taxonomy- the science of classifying organisms into groups
Think of the classifications as a hypothesis. As new discoveries are made and new technologies are developed, sometimes the classifications change

3. Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation for our modern classification system in the mid-1700s including the use of binomial nomenclature

4. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
White oak: Quercus alba

5. Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.
uses Latin words
scientific names always written in italics
two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

6. Why Latin?
Latin is a dead language (it isn’t spoken natively anymore), so it isn’t changing
Most scholars at the time new Latin
Latin is a very descriptive language

7. A genus includes one or more physically similar species
Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related.
Genus name is always capitalized.
A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
always lowercase
always follows genus name; never written alone

8. Scientific names help scientists to communicate
Some species have very similar common names.
Some species have many common names.

9. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Each level is included in the level above it.
Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

10. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence.
The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time.
Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

11. Vocabulary Which term means one-celled? Many-celled? multicellular
unicellular
Which term means that the organism produces its own food? Consumes food?
autotroph
heterotroph

12. Vocabulary
Prokaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane but do NOT have a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane and a nuclear membrane

13. Vocabulary Autotrophic – makes its own food
Heterotrophic – gets nutrients from the food it consumes

14. List of the Three Domains and the Six Kingdoms
1. Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
2. Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

19. Overview of the Three Domains and Six Kingdoms

20. Kingdom Eubacteria Most abundant organisms on the Earth
Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

21. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped.

22. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

24. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria also play an important role in decomposition, nitrogen fixation and human digestion (E. coli)
Soybean root containing billions of bacteria

25. Kingdom Eubacteria
Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients?

26. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria from a Nitrifying Trickle Filter (NTF) stained with acridene orange.  The stain makes DNA appear yellow and RNA appear orange.

27. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacteria that live in extreme habitats (extremophiles), such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers (hydrothermal vents)
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Cell walls without peptidoglycan

28. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

29. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacillus infernus
Some live in temperatures as high as 230° F

30. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria can live deep in the ocean near hydrothermal vents
There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

31. Kingdom Protista Extremely diverse group Eukaryotic
Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry out photosynthesis with chloroplasts

32. Kingdom Protista Euglena - autotrophic Volvox – a colonial protist
A slime mold
Amoeba - heterotrophic

33. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Most are multicellular
Heterotrophic, decomposers- feed on dead or decaying organic matter, digest food externally and then absorb the nutrients
Cell walls made of chitin

34. Kingdom Fungi
Stilton cheese
Bread mold

35. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic
Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present
True tissues

36. Kingdom Plantae

37. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic
No cell walls, no chloroplasts
True tissues

38. Kingdom Animalia
Flatworm
Sponge
Jellyfish
Octopus
Coral snake
Bear

39. Some Animal Phylums Porifera- sponges
Cnidaria- hydra, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- planarians, flukes, tapeworms
Nematoda (roundworms)
Annelida (segmented worms)- earthworm
Mollusca- bivalves (clams, oysters), gastropods (snails, slugs), cephalopods (squid, octopus)
Echinodermata- starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
Arthropoda- crustacea, spiders, insects
Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

40. Organ Systems Integumentary Excretory Skeletal Nervous Muscular
Endocrine
Respiratory
Reproductive
Digestive
Circulatory
Lymphatic

41. Symmetry AMOEBA Human Brain Asymmetrical Symmetrical
~body patterns cannot be divided into equal halves.
Symmetrical
~ animal can be cut into 2 equal halves.
AMOEBA
Human Brain

44. Anatomical Terms Cephalic- concerning the head
Caudal- concerning the tail
Anterior- toward the front; forward
Posterior- toward the rear; farther back
Dorsal- on or near the upper surface; back
Ventral- on or near the lower surface; front
Lateral- on or toward the side
Medial- on or toward the middle
Midline (median)- divides into right and left
Transverse- crosses perpendicular to midline
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46. more than 1,367,000 species of animals are invertebrates.
At least 95% of the
more than 1,367,000 species of animals are invertebrates.