2. Mini Quiz
1. Data that derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does in some predefined context are
a. L data.
b. I data.
c. S data.
d. B data.

3. Mini Quiz
2. _____________________ ask a respondent to interpret a meaningless, ambiguous stimulus in order to access the inner workings of the person's mind.
a. Rationally constructed tests
b. Projective tests
c. Factor analytic tests
d. Objective tests

4. Mini Quiz
3. The basis of the _____________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.
a. rational
b. empirical
c. philosophical
d. factor analytic

5. Mini Quiz
4. For any rationally constructed personality scale to work, it must satisfy which of the following conditions?
a. The items on the form must all be valid indicators of what the tester is trying to measure.
b. The person who completes the form must be willing to accurately report his or her self-assessment.
c. Each item must mean the same thing to the person who fills out the form as it did to the psychologist who wrote it.
d. All of the above conditions must be satisfied for the scale to work.

6. Mini Quiz
5) Which one?
A) B
B) D
C) A
D) C

7. Methods for creating a test
Rational Method
Projective Tests
Factor Analytic Method
Empirical Method
Combination of Methods

8. Projective Tests
DEFINITION: In a projective test, an individual “supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual’s own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and responding.”

10. Inkblots as projective stimuli
The Rorschach:
Hermann Rorschach ( ).
10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on separate cards:
5 black and white.
2 black, white, and red.
3 multicolor.

11. Inkblots: Initial administration
“What might this be?”
Record response verbatim:
Include time until first response.
Position of card, spontaneous statements, nonverbal gestures or body movements.

12. Inkblots Interpretation of scores
Generate hypotheses based on patterns of response, recurrent themes and interrelationships among scoring categories

13. Assumptions of Projective Tests
The more unstructured the stimuli, the more examinees reveal about their personality.
Every response provides meaning for personality analysis.
There is an “unconscious.”
Subjects are unaware of what they disclose.

20. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Morgan and Murray (1935).
Elicit fantasy material from patients in psychoanalysis.
31 cards:
30 black & white with scenes:
Describe story.
1 blank:
Imagine picture on card and tell related story.

21. TAT: Conclusions Based on:
Stories told by examinee.
Clinician’s notes:
Examinee’s response to the cards.
Analysis of story requires special training.

22. TAT Interpretation (cont.)
Basic assumption:
Examinee is identifying with protagonist in the story.
Examinee’s concerns, hopes, fears, and desires are reflected in the protagonist’s needs, demands, and conflicts.
That is, the examinee’s personality is projected onto the protagonist.

23. Projective Tests for Children
“The Adventures of Blacky the Dog”

24. Blacky Test

28. Other Projective Tests
Draw a person test
Draw a house test
Word association

29. Methods for creating a test
Rational Method
Projective Tests
Factor Analytic Method
Empirical Method
Combination of Methods

30. Factor Analytic Method
1) Name different makes of cars
2) In groups:
Imagine you work in a car lot and you must organize these cars in some manner into 4 different groups
3) Organize the cars and name the groupings

31. Factor Analytic Method
Done in 5 steps
1) Create many items
2) Give these items to many people
3) Correlate items together
4) Look for “groupings” of items
5) Name the “groupings” (i.e. factors)

32. Factor Analytic Method
Limitations:
Only as good as the items
Sometimes get “odd” factors
Still must name the factor (not done by the computer)

33. Factor Analytic Method
1) Automatically take charge. 
2) Joke around a lot.
3) Turn plans into actions. 
4) Stick up for myself.
5) Act wild and crazy.  
6) Am always busy. 
7) Follow a schedule.
8) Laugh my way through life.
9) Let myself go. 
10) Express childlike joy. 
11) Do a lot in my spare time.
12) Disclose my intimate thoughts. 
13) Know what I want.
14) Like harmony in my life.
16) Try to lead others. 
17) Am open about myself to others. 
18) Can easily push myself forward. 
19) Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.  

34. Factor Analytic Method
Automatically take charge. 
Can easily push myself forward. 
Try to lead others. 
Turn plans into actions. 
Stick up for myself. 
Am always busy. 
Do a lot in my spare time. 
Know what I want.
Factor 2
Act wild and crazy. 
Let myself go. 
Disclose my intimate thoughts. 
Laugh my way through life. 
Express childlike joy. 
Joke around a lot.
Am open about myself to others. 
Factor 3
Follow a schedule.
Like harmony in my life
Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.

36. Empirical Method I prefer a shower to a bath I sometimes tease animals
I will sometimes wear a dress
I like watching football
I am happy
I typically open doors for others
As a child I liked playing with dolls

37. Empirical Method Done in 3 Steps: 1) Create items
Items can be anything!

38. Empirical Method 2) Administer the items to two groups Criterion Group
Composed of people that possess the trait
Control Group
Composed of people that do not possess the trait

39. Empirical Method
3) Select items that the two groups answered differently

40. Empirical Method Basic Logic:
Different kinds of people have distinctive ways of answering certain questions.
If you answer questions the same way that members of a diagnostic group did, you might belong to that group too!

41. Empirical Method Thus, the content of empirical items does not matter
“I sometimes tease animals”
Not depressed
“I have a great fear of snakes”
Prejudiced
“I do not enjoy detective stories”
Hospitalized hysterics
“I like tall women”
Impulsive males
“I gossip a little at times”
High IQ

42. Empirical Method Difficult to “fake”
Only as good as the groups they were created with
Do other things make the groups different?
May not generalize to other people in other areas

43. Empirical Method Difficult to “fake”
Only as good as the groups they were created with
Do other things make the groups different?
May not generalize to other people in other areas

44. MMPI Over 500 items 2 parts of MMPI: True/False responses
Validity scales
Tell whether profile is accurate measure of taker & whether taker answered honestly
3 validity scales
Clinical scales
What test tells about how taker is doing clinically
10 scales

45. MMPI Look at pattern of responding
Look at clinical scales in context of validity scales
Look at each clinical scale in context of the rest of the scales
This is complex and requires very specific training

46. MMPI Score Profile ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality 11/23/2018

49. MMPI Score Profile ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality 11/23/2018