1. Central Nervous System
CNS
Central Nervous System

2. CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord

3. CNS:PROTECTION
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4. CNS:PROTECTION
BONE:
Cranium = brain
Vertebrate = spine

7. Meninges: Fiborus tissue Color code a,b, b1,c
CNS:PROTECTION
Meninges: Fiborus tissue
Color code a,b, b1,c

9. Dura Mater: Toughest connective tissue
CNS:PROTECTION
Dura Mater: Toughest connective tissue
Right under cranium

10. CNS:PROTECTION
Arachnoid: Spider-web covering under dura mater.

11. CNS:PROTECTION
Subarachnoid: Pockets of the arachnoid that contain cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

12. Pia Mater: Delicate, contains many blood vessels.
CNS:PROTECTION
Pia Mater: Delicate, contains many blood vessels.

13. CNS:PROTECTION CSF: Circulates subarachnoid space
Cushions, and nourishes.
Surrounds entire CNS

14. Ohio State University: Neurology: College of Medicine.
CSF from the lumbar region contains 15 to 45 mg/dl protein (lower in childen) and mg/dl glucose (two-thirds of blood glucose). Protein concentration in cisternal and ventricular CSF is lower. Normal CSF contains 0-5 mononuclear cells. The CSF pressure, measured at lumbar puncture (LP), is mm of H2O (8-15 mm Hg) with the patient lying on the side and mm with the patient sitting up.

15. Problems
Increased protein: In bacterial meningitis, CSF protein may rise to 500 mg/dl. A more moderate increase ( mg/dl) occurs in inflammatory diseases of meninges (meningitis, encephalitis), intracranial tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction. A more severe increase occurs in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and acoustic and spinal schwannoma.

16. Problem
Xanthochromia (blonde color) of the CSF following subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to oxyhemoglobin which appears in 4 to 6 hours and bilirubin which appears in two days. Xanthochromia may also be seen with hemorrhagic infarcts, brain tumors, and jaundice.

17. Faint yellow, orange or pink (Xanthochromia)
Normal
Clear as water
Abnormal findings
Faint yellow, orange or pink (Xanthochromia)
CSF Protein >100 mg/dl
Red Blood Cell lysis
Red Blood Cell >100,000/mm3 (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
Cloudy or turbid
CSF Leukocytes > 200 wbc/mm3
Red Blood Cells > 400 per mm3
Brown or Dark CSF
Metastatic Melanoma (meningeal Melanomatosis)
Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)
Green CSF
Hyperbilirubinemia
Purulent cerebrospinal fluid

18. (1) intervertebral discs, (2) vertebral bodies, (3) dura, (4) epidural space, (5) spinal cord, and (6) subdural space

22. BRAIN

24. BRAIN Folded to increase surface area 35 billion neurons (98%)
Adult = 3 lbs

25. Brain
Brain (3 lbs) at rest needs as much oxygen as 61 lbs of skeletal muscle.

26. Brain
Turn to page 224

27. BRAIN Gyrus: Peaks of the folds, ridges.
Sulcus: furrow or groove between gyrus

28. Brain
Ventricles: CSF circulate in four major canals. (Travels through brain and into spine) Continuous.
Blue on page 228

29. BRAINSTEM

30. BRAINSTEM
Lower brain
Unconscious part

31. BRAINSTEM COLOR CODE: Med. Oblongata = k Pons = f Midbrain = a
Reticular formation = g

32. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Breathing
Heart rate
Reflex center

34. PONS
Connects cerebellum to cerebrum
Breathing

36. Midbrain
Like a hook
Diencephalon to cerebrum
Eye reflexes

37. Reticular formation
Fibers in the middle of brainstem (connects to RAS)
Inactive so are you! Consciousness.

39. Diencephalon

40. COLOR Color code the Diencephalon to the right. Thalamus = a
Hypothalamus = b

41. Diencephalon
On top of brainstem

42. Thalamus Relay station for sensory headed to the cerebrum.
Filters out messages.

44. RAS
Reticular Activation System
Deals with arousal and consciousness.

45. HYPOTHALAMUS Maintains homeostasis (temp)
Emotions: Rage, pleasure, pain, thirst, hunger

47. COLOR CODE
On middle picture page 10
Cerebellum = h
Arbor Vitae = i

49. CEREBELLUM Controls muscle balance and coordination.
Lower, posterior part of brain.

50. White “tree-shaped” structure inside cerebellum.
Arbor Vitae
White “tree-shaped” structure inside cerebellum.

53. Cerebrum Color code Frontal = a, a1, a2 Parietal = b, b1
Temporal = c, c1
Occipital = d, d1

54. Cerebrum Outer layer, largest region, called cortex About 1 inch thick
4 lobes

55. Frontal lobe
Higher level thinking
Personality, speech center.

56. Parietal Lobe
Sensory for touch and pain

57. Temporal lobe
Sensory for hearing and smell

58. Occipital lobe
(back) Sensory for vision

59. Brain time

60. Limbic system Area around center of brain.
Not too much known about area.

62. Limbic system
Emotion: Emotional states, fear, rage and sexual arousal.

63. Limbic system Memory and learning:
Long term memory and retrieval (hippocampus) (learning)

64. Lateralization Brain divided laterally into 2 hemispheres.
Connected by corpus callosum

65. Lateralization
RIGHT  music, art, creative
Left  math, verbal