1. WETLAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING Stakeholder Analysis

2. WETLAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING Stakeholder Analysis
Prepared by: Shewaye Deribe
Ethio Wetlands and Natural Resources Association

3. Stakeholder Analysis (Situation analysis)

4. 23/11/2018

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Learning objectives:
By the end of this session participants will be able to:
Define ‘stakeholder’ and ‘stakeholder analysis’
Understand the importance of stakeholder analysis
Apply methods and tools to describe categories of stakeholders
Explain the relevance, purpose and steps of stakeholder analysis
Understand the socio-economic aspects of wetland management

6. Programme Introduction to Stakeholders Analysis of our case study area
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Programme
Introduction to Stakeholders Analysis of our case study area
Presentation of group work, wrapping up and review
The importance of policies for the wise use of wetlands;
Building wetland conservation into government policies: what is a wetland policy?
Introduction to wetland valuation as an important tool for policy development
Group work: Visioning and policy development;
Institutional aspects in wetland management:
The role of organisations, institutes and institutions in wetland management
Case study on the role of institutions
Institutional strengthening
Group work: Problem and objectives analysis as a supporting tool to define ‘What are the main steps required in developing a wetland policy?’
National Wetlands Policy Case studies

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Stakeholder Analysis

8. Question: What do we mean by stakeholder?
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Question:
What do we mean by stakeholder?
What do we mean by stakeholder analysis?
Why do we need stakeholder analysis?

9. Definition: stakeholder
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Definition: stakeholder
an agency, organisation, group or individual who has a (direct or indirect) interest in the project / programme, or who affects or is affected positively or negatively by the implementation and outcome of it.

10. Definition: stakeholder analysis
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Definition: stakeholder analysis
An approach for understanding a system by identifying the key actors - or stakeholders - in the system and assessing their respective interest (and involvement) in that system
It refers to a range of tools for the identification and description of stakeholders on the basis of their attributes, interrelationships and interests related to a given initiative or resource
Part of the situation analysis

11. Why do we need stakeholder analysis?
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Why do we need stakeholder analysis?
To empirically discover existing patterns of interactions
To mobilise key stakeholders and to build up a common awareness
To target interventions and approaches
As a management tool in policy making
As a tool to predict and/or manage conflicts

12. Objectives of stakeholder analysis
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Objectives of stakeholder analysis
To identify all those -people, groups or institutions- who might be affected by an intervention or can affect its outcome
To identify local institutions and processes upon which to build
To provide a foundation and strategy for participation: mobilisation of key stakeholders
To make a start with understanding needs and interests of the key stakeholders

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Stakeholder analysis
Who are all the stakeholders and how are they involved?

14. Who are stakeholders? Examples: local communities living in wetlands
communities living downstream of the wetland
government agencies (local, district, national)
non-governmental organizations involved in wetlands
etc.

15. Who are stakeholders? Contd.
Other examples:
Beneficiaries of the project / policy
People who are at risk of being adversely affected by the project / policy
Potential supporters who are not directly linked to the project
Potential opponents who are not directly linked to the project
Other parties with an interest in the project, e.g., Governments, officials, experts, NGOs, international community, donors
Others whose local knowledge may help assessing impact or identifying alternative approaches

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17. Understanding Stakeholders
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Understanding Stakeholders
Stakeholders have:
World views, values, norms, cultural context
Interests
Power
Conflicts

18. Important stages in stakeholder analysis
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Important stages in stakeholder analysis
Before the situation analysis starts:
when defining the scope of the policy/project
During the problem identification and analysis:
to mobilise stakeholders & to analyse the stakeholders’ needs and interests, objectives, linkages and interactions, etc.
While designing the project strategy or policy:
to balance conflicting interests and to assure commitment/participation in implementation

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20. Key questions in stakeholder analysis
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Key questions in stakeholder analysis
Who are the stakeholders in a system, with regard to a certain project / programme?
What are their interests, views, objectives?
How important are they?
How are they affected?
How do they affect / influence the project / programme outcomes?
What kind of relations?
How should stakeholders participate or contribute?

21. Why is it important to identify and consider stakeholders?
contribute important information
helps building consensus at early stages and reduces the likelihood of conflicts
builds a sense of ownership among stakeholders
contributes to the transparency of public and private actions
builds trust and long-term collaborative relationships between the government and civil society

22. Types of stakeholders Primary stakeholders
What different kinds of stakeholders are there?
Primary stakeholders
Intended beneficiaries of a project or those negatively affected
-Categorized according to social analysis often divided by gender, social or income classes, occupational or service user groups
-Categories of primary stakeholders may overlap (e.g. women and low-income groups; etc.);

23. Types of stakeholders Contd.
What different kinds of stakeholders are there?
Secondary stakeholders
(groups of) people who are intermediaries within a project
e.g., funding, implementing, monitoring and advocacy organizations or
-governmental, NGO and private sector key individuals (e.g., heads of departments or other agencies)
-informal groups of people (e.g., politicians, local leaders, respected religious persons, etc

24. Distinction between stakeholders
Key stakeholders
are the stakeholders who are considered to have significant influence on the success of a project
Active stakeholders
are the stakeholders who affect or determine a decision or action in the project
Passive stakeholders
are the stakeholders who are affected by decisions or actions of others

25. Stakeholder participation
A taking part or sharing or involvement – can be in natural resources, political, social (health, gender, water etc), economic. E.g. Family decisions, community, national, regional, International
Key word: involvement, it can be active, passive, even forced

26. Where/when can stakeholders participate?
Levels of stakeholder participation/involvement
Decision making
Planning
Compliance monitoring, surveillance
Policing/enforcement
Financing
Development
Management
Monitoring and evaluation

27. Levels of participation

28. Levels of participation

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Group exercise
As a group, analyse all the stakeholders involved in a study area using the stakeholder analysis tools:

30. Identifying stakeholders
Identifying stakeholders is not always a straightforward process,
-To avoid missing important stakeholders, it is important to review this regularly,
-Not all stakeholders are equally important throughout the whole systems/stakeholders analysis,
-Some may gain importance during the process, others may become less important

31. How can we identify stakeholders?
Stakeholder analysis
How can we identify stakeholders?
Criteria for identifying who should be considered stakeholders are:
Degree of economic, social or cultural reliance on the system
Degree of effort and interest in the management of the system
Present or potential impact of the activities of the stakeholder on the system

32. Stakeholder analysis Contd.
How can we identify stakeholders?
Criteria for identifying who should be considered stakeholders are:
Historical and cultural relationship with the system
Unique knowledge or skills for the management of the system or resources at stake
Existing rights to land or other natural resources

33. Stakeholder analysis Contd.
Stakeholder analysis can be approached from different angles,
Strategic approach
Primarily aimed at analyzing, designing, implementing and/or evaluating an environmental project or policy
Use matrix / checklist to examine conflicts, common interests, etc.

34. Stakeholder analysis Contd.
Stakeholder analysis can be approached from
different angles,
Participatory approach
Aimed more at facilitation of negotiation and dialogue between stakeholders (participatory methods/exercises for joint learning)

35. Stakeholder analysis Contd.
Stakeholder matrix
-listing of stakeholders
-information on each group from stakeholder interviews and secondary sources

36. Stakeholder matrix Fish Stakeholder Characteristic/category Interest
Resource use
Problems
etc
Fishers
Primary/men/
Fish
For household, for market,
Water user
Primary
/women,
livestock keeper
Secondary/tourist
Water
Others

37. Analyzing the stakeholder matrix
Compare resource use and interests of different stakeholders
identify current and potential conflicts
identify common interests and areas for cooperation

38. Common interest Potential conflict Stakh.1 Stakh.2 Stakh.3 Stakh.4

39. Stakeholder interest and power
Interest – degree to which will be affected by project/policy change & level of interest/concern they have in/about it
Power: influence both negative & positive on the desired change

40. Stakeholder interest and power
High influence, but low importance : Keep satisfied
High importance & influence:
Manage closely
Low importance & influence:
Monitor minimum effort
High importance, but low influence: Keep informed
High
POWER
Low
High
Low
INTEREST

41. Conflicts between stakeholders
Definition: disagreement, clash, divergence, difference, argument, dispute etc.
Types of conflicts
Between different resource users
resource competition (water, fish, land/space, etc.)
Upstream-downstream users
reduced flows or water quality downstream because of upstream use or pollution

42. Conflicts between stakeholders Contd.
Types of conflicts
Between resource users and polluters
Between resource users and
conservationists
Between developers/investors and others
Between current and potential users

43. Forms of conflict resolution
Negotiation
resolve dispute between stakeholders without help of a third party
basic skills: good communication, forming alliances, etc.

44. Forms of conflict resolution Contd.
Mediation
facilitated negotiation
independent, neutral third party acts as mediator

45. Forms of conflict resolution Contd.
Arbitration
legal technique for resolution of disputes outside the court
tribunal is set up to handle the dispute
neutral third party makes decision after hearing arguments and reviewing evidence
It is often used when there is a high level of conflict and, often, when no future close relationship is foreseen.

46. Forms of conflict resolution Contd.
Litigation
legal remedy involving formal lawsuit in a court of law
It occurs mostly to the cases in which one of the stakeholders causes significant damage to others, such as severe water pollution.

47. Role play exercise
Stakeholder conflict and conflict resolution

48. THANK YOU