1. Ham ANTENNAS: A practical introduction to The THEORY AND operation
Of antennas
by K0YY

2. Antenna Presentation outline
Basic Antenna Theory/Terms
Antenna Specifications
Types of Antennas
References
Summary

3. Antenna reflected power/swr
Antenna Fact: Antennas must radiate the transmitters power to be effective. Any power reflected back towards the transmitter is lost and may damage the transmitter.
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR): SWR is a measure of impedance matching of an antenna to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line. The perfect impedance match is 1:1 or for example 50 ohm to 50 ohm.
Operationally up to 2:1 or even slightly higher is acceptable for short periods.
SWR is a measurement of how effective the antenna is radiating power on a given frequency. SWR increases as the transmitter is tuned up or down from the resonant frequency of the antenna.

4. ANTENNA basic theory/terms
Feed Point Impedance/AKA Radiation Resistance– Varies by type of antenna, typically “matched” to 50 Ohm impedance to use 50 Ohm feed line to match the 50 ohm output of radios.
Resonant Frequency— Each antenna has a “resonant” point based upon length/element diameter– It is where the most power is radiated.
Resonance basically is the point where the SWR is minimum.
Half Wave Dipole Formula: Length in feet = 468/F (MHz).
Example: 40 meter dipole = 468/7.250 = or 64 feet 7 inches total length. Therefore each side of the dipole = ½ of feet or approximately 32 feet 4 inches long.

5. Antenna Bandwidth– Is the frequency coverage of an antenna where the reflected power/Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) is below the lower and upper 2 to 1 points on an SWR curve.
--Source DX Antennas.com

6. Take Off Angle– The main lobe of radiation above the
Take Off Angle– The main lobe of radiation above the horizontal plane measured at a specified height above ground.
Dipole = ~30 degrees, Vertical = ~10 degrees.
Horizontal Yagi = ~30 degrees.
Beam Width– The actual ½ power path of radiation from a beam style antenna, varying based upon the number of elements. Example 3-element Yagi = ~35 degrees wide

7. Antenna specifications
Antenna Gain is Specified in decibels (dB). See also next chart.
dBi = Decibel gain compared to an Isotropic (point) theoretical source.
dBd = Decibel gain compared to a Dipole
Antenna Fact: Every 3 dB of antenna gain doubles the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of an antenna.
ERP Power is a real power gain, (focused in the forward direction for a beam style antenna, and towards the horizon in a vertical colinear type antenna).

8. Antenna truth table-- bill orr handbook

9. TYPICAL Types of antennas
VHF/UHF ANTENNAS-- See examples on the tables
Verticals–
Ground Plane– Typically ¼ wave or 5/8 wave size element
Colinear-- multi-element In-line, for added gain
Multi-element
Yagis
Quads
Quagis
FM versus SSB Polarization-- FM = Vertical, SSB = Horizontal

10. Types of Vhf/uhf antennas
MOBILE ANTENNAS
Verticals/Whips— Single/Multi-band
-- Ground Plane versus Colinear (In-line for added gain)
Quad Loops– Typically horizontal loops used for 2 & 6 meters
BASE STATION ANTENNAS
Verticals-- Single/Multi-band, Ground Plane versus Colinear
Dipole
Yagi Beam
Quad Loop
FM VERSUS SSB
Polarization– FM = Vertical, SSB = Horizontal

11. Types of High frequency antennas
MOBILE ANTENNAS
Verticals/Whips— Single band– center coils, helical wound
Multi-band– tapped, screwdriver
BASE STATION ANTENNAS
Verticals– single or multi-band
Long-Wire (non-resonant and requiring a tuner or matching circuit)
Dipole- single or multi-band
Yagi Beam-single or multi-band, Tri-banders popular,
Delta or Quad Loop, Quad formula = 1005/ f (MHz) = length in feet
40 meter Delta loop = 1005/7.250 MHz = 138 feet 6 inches

12. Antenna references ARRL Antenna Handbook
eHam website--
Low Band (160 meters) DXing Book
ITS HF Propagation Software
CQ Magazine Articles
QST Magazine Articles
EZNEC Modeling Software--
Many Antenna Handbooks for various bands/modes/applications

13. summary
Basic Antenna Theory is not complex. Advanced theory is complex using physics principles and requires extra study.
Knowing basic antenna theory can help you select the proper antenna for what you want to accomplish.
Beam style antennas help you talk and hear further than standard verticals or dipoles. They focus power in the forward direction.
Colinear (stacked) antennas provide gain by focusing radiation towards the horizon (away from the vertical plane).
Understanding antenna characteristics such as resonance, bandwidth, and beam-width will help you in your operations.