1. S7L3. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually and transfer genetic information to determine the traits of their offspring.
a. Construct an explanation supported with scientific evidence of the role of genes and chromosomes in the process of inheriting a specific trait
b. Develop and use a model to describe how asexual reproduction can result in offspring with identical genetic information while sexual reproduction results in genetic variation. (Clarification statement: Models could include, but are not limited to, the use of monohybrid Punnett squares to demonstrate the heritability of genes and the resulting genetic variation, identification of heterozygous and homozygous, and comparison of genotype vs. phenotype.)
c. Ask questions to gather and synthesize information about the ways humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms through selective breeding. (Clarification statement: The element specifically addresses artificial selection and the ways in which it is fundamentally different from natural selection.)

2. Living organisms GROW & DEVELOP
Change over an individual’s life time
* Grow – means to get bigger
* Develop – means to mature, become more complex
SO THEY CAN REPRODUCE

3. Living organisms REPRODUCE
Make clones or similar copies of yourself * Asexual reproduction – involves one parent - mitosis * Sexual reproduction – involves two parents - meiosis

4. Terms You Need to Know
Somatic Cells (body cells) – cells that take part in the formation of the body, becoming differentiated/specialized into the various tissues, organs, etc.; reproduce by mitosis.
Germ Cells – cells that produce mature gametes through meiosis.
Gametes (sex cells) – a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or ovum (egg), that unites with another cell to form a new organism.

5. How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

6. Why do animals shed their skin?

7. Mitosis/Cell Division
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis/Cell Division
Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus divides to form two new nuclei. How does mitosis differ in plants and animals? 7

8. The process of asexual reproduction begins in humans after a sperm fertilizes an egg.

9. Three reasons why cells reproduce by asexual reproduction: 1. Growth 2
Three reasons why cells reproduce by asexual reproduction: Growth Repair Replacement
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin cells. Cells are unable to control their cycles of cell division. Cells spend very little time in interphase. This most often develops on skin exposed to the sun.

10. The Cell Cycle (The Life of a Cell)
Phases include:
Interphase (G1, S, G2)– Preparation phases for mitosis; a period of resting, growth, and DNA replication.
Mitosis – Nucleus division/asexual reproduction
Cytokinesis – separation of the cytoplasm

11. The Cell Cycle (The Life of a Cell)
G0 Phase (Resting)
Interphase
G1 Phase (Growth)
S Phase (DNA Synthesis/replication)
G2 Phase (Growth and DNA checkpoint)

12. The Cell Cycle (The Life of a Cell)
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
P M A T

15. Duplicating Genetic Information

16. Duplicating Genetic Information

17. Animated Mitosis Cycle
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

22. Cytokinesis

26. The Cell Cycle 26

27. Cell Cycle

28. Mitosis Animation

29. S7L3. Students will recognize how biological traits are passed on to
successive generations.
Explain the role of genes and chromosomes in the
process of inheriting a specific trait.
B. Compare and contrast that organisms reproduce
asexually and sexually (bacteria, protists, fungi,
plants, and animals).
C. Recognize that selective breeding can produce
plants or animals with desired traits.

30. Review

31. Interphase occurs before mitosis begins
Period of growth and developement
Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)
Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy(sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase
CELL MEMBRANE
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

32. Cells spend most of their lives in this phase of the cell cycle
Interphase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cells spend most of their lives in this phase of the cell cycle

33. Prophase 1st step in Mitosis
Mitosis begins with the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the appearance of chromosomes
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell.
Spindle fibers form between the poles.
Centrioles
Sister chromatids
Spindle fibers

34. Prophase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

35. Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers.
Chromatids line up along the metaphase plate.
Centrioles have completely move to poles of the cell.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

36. Metaphase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

37. Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate at the centromere and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.
Spindle fibers shorten.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

38. Anaphase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

39. Telophase 4th step in Mitosis
Reformation of the nuclear membrane.
Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
Cell membrane begins to pinch in.
Nuclei
Nuclei
Chromatin

40. Telophase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

41. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis
Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

42. Animal Cell Cycle -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             
Cytokinesis                                                             

43. Plant Cell Cycle -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             
Cytokinesis