1. Passive

2. Active vs. Passive Sentences
Active  The dog chased the boy.
Passive  The boy was chased by the dog.
These sentences have the same meaning.
Active sentence:
The dog  Subj.
the boy  Obj.
Passive sentence:
the dog  O. of P. by
The boy  Subj.
NOTE: The relationship of these phrases to the main verb does not change. Only the focus changes.

3. Forms of the Passive BE + Past Participle Simple Present Simple Past
Planes are flown (by pilots).
Simple Past
The man was attacked (by a shark).

4. Negative Statements in the Passive
BE + NOT + Past Participle
Simple Present
Planes aren’t flown (by sailors).
Simple Past
The man wasn’t attacked (by a dog).

5. Yes/No Questions in the Passive
BE + Subject + Past Participle
Simple Present
Are planes flown (by pilots)?
Simple Past
Was the man attacked (by a shark)?

6. Wh-Questions in the Passive
Wh- + BE + Subject + Past Participle
Simple Present
How are planes flown (by pilots)?
NOTE: Who are planes flown by?
Simple Past
When was the man attacked (by a shark)?
NOTE: What was the man attacked by?

7. Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are followed by an object.
An object is a noun or a pronoun.
Don threw the ball.  The ball was thrown by Don.
Don threw it.  It was thrown by Don.
Intransitive verbs are not followed by an object.
It rained.  (no passive)
Don arrived on time.  (no passive)
Don agreed to go to the movies.  (no passive)

8. Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
Some verbs have both transitive and intransitive uses.
Sarah walked.  (no passive)
Sarah walked the dog.  The dog was walked (by Sarah).

9. Using the BY-Phrase
Use a BY-Phrase when it is important to know who performed the action.
The door was fixed by Tom.
However, the active form is used if the focus is on the actor of the verb.
Tom fixed the door.
Passives are often used without the BY-Phrase. There is no need to use a BY-Phrase if the actor of the verb is:
Unnecessary
Understood
Unimportant
Unknown
English is spoken here.
My car was made in Italy.
Our house was built in 1986.

10. Passive Forms of the Present and Past Progressive
BE + BEING + Past Participle
Passive form of the Present Progressive
Daisy is being carried (by John).
(John is carrying Daisy.)
Our newspaper is being stolen (by someone).
(Someone is stealing our newspaper.)
Passive form of the Past Progressive
Daisy was being carried (by John).
(John was carrying Daisy.)
Our newspaper was being stolen (by someone).
(Someone was stealing our newspaper.)

11. Passive Negative Statements in the Present and Past Progressive
BE + NOT + BEING + Past Participle
Present Progressive
Daisy isn’t being carried (by John).
Our newspaper isn’t being delivered (by anyone).
Past Progressive
Daisy wasn’t being carried (by John).
Our newspaper wasn’t being delivered (by anyone).

12. Yes/No Questions in the Passive (Progressive)
BE + Subject + BEING + Past Participle
Present Progressive
Is Daisy being carried (by John)?
Is our newspaper being delivered?
Past Progressive
Was Daisy being carried (by John)?
Was our newspaper being delivered?

13. Wh-Questions in the Passive (Progressive)
Wh- + BE + Subject + BEING + Past Participle
Present Progressive
How is Daisy being carried by John?
NOTE: Who is being carried by John?
Past Progressive
Why was the dog being chased by a cow?
NOTE: What was the dog being chased by?

14. Passive Forms of the Present & Past Perfect
Have/Had + BEEN + Past Participle
Present Perfect
The cake has been eaten by Tommy.
Past Perfect
The tires had been replaced.

15. Passive Negative Statements in Present & Past Perfect
Have/Had + NOT + BEEN + Past Participle
Present Perfect
The cake hasn’t been eaten by Tommy.
Past Perfect
The tires hadn’t been replaced.

16. Yes/No Questions in Present & Past Perfect (Passive)
Have/Had + Subject + BEEN + Past Participle
Present Perfect
Has the cake been eaten by Tommy?
Past Perfect
Had the tires been replaced?

17. Wh-Questions in Present & Past Perfect (Passive)
Wh- + Have/Had + Subject + BEEN + Past Participle
Present Perfect
Why has the plane been delayed?
NOTE: What has been delayed?
Past Perfect
When had the tires been replaced?
NOTE: What had been replaced before you went to the auto shop?

18. Passive Forms of the Future
Will/Be going to + BE + Past Participle
The letter will be sent tomorrow.
The letter is going to be sent tomorrow.

19. Passive Negative Statements in Future
Will/Be going to + NOT + BE + Past Participle
The letter won’t be sent tomorrow.
The letter isn’t going to be sent tomorrow.

20. Yes/No Questions in Future (Passive)
Will + Subject + BE + Past Participle
Be + Subject + going to + BE + Past Participle
Will the letter be sent tomorrow?
Is the letter going to be sent tomorrow?

21. Wh-Questions in Future (Passive)
Wh- + Will + Subject + BE + Past Participle
Wh- + Be + Subject + going to + BE + Past Participle
When will the letter be sent?
When is the letter going to be sent?

22. What is the difference in meaning?
He welcomed his friends.
He was welcomed by his friends.
He was welcoming.