1. Rock Cycle

2. View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia

3. Igneous Rocks Cool from the Molten State
Extrusive -- Erupted on Surface (volcanic)
Intrusive -- Solidify Within Earth (Plutonic)
Large Grain Size ---> Slow Cooling
Extrusive Rocks -- Fine Grained
Intrusive Rocks -- Coarse Grained

4. Metamorphic Facies Depth\Temp 300C 400C 500 C 600 C 700 C 800 C 5 km
Zeolite
Contact Metamorphism - Andalusite forms
10 km - 3 kb
Greenschist Chlorite, Biotite form
Slate
Greenstone
Quartzite
Marble
Amphibolite Garnet, Staurolite, Kyanite form
Schist
Amphibolite
Gneiss
Granulite Sillimanite forms Muscovite breaks down to K-feldspar Partial Melting
15 km
Blueschist
20 km - 6 kb
25 km
30 km - 9 kb
35 km
40 km - 12 kb
Not Found
Eclogite (Mantle)

5. Bowen's Series and Igneous Rocks

6. Metamorphism Changes in Rock Composition or Texture
Due to Heat, Pressure and Action of Fluids (like magma)

7. Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C
Temp F
Coal
Limestone
Sandstone
Basalt
Shale
Index Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500
Anthracite
300
600
Graphite
Marble
Slate
Chlorite
700
Greenstone
800
Quartzite
Phyllite
Biotite
900
Schist
Garnet
1000
Amphibolite
Staurolite
1100
Gneiss
Kyanite
1200
Sillimanite
Melting Begins

8. Types of Metamorphism Contact Around Intrusions Shallow: 0-6 Km
Low Pressure
Local
Regional
Wide Areas
5-20 Km, Sometimes 30+
High Pressure
Usually Accompained by Deformation

13. Sedimentary Rocks
Deposited on or Near Surface of Earth by Mechanical or Chemical Processes

14. Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks
Fossils
Salt Water - Corals, Echinoderms
Fresh Water - Insects, Amphibians
Terrestrial - Leaves, Land Animals
Color And Chemistry
Red Beds - Often Terrestrial
Black Shale - Oxygen Poor, Often Deep Water
Evaporites – Arid Climates

15. Sediment Sizes and Clastic Rock Types
Grain Size
Shale
Clay
less than mm
Siltstone
Silt mm
Sandstone
Sand
.01-1 mm
Conglomerate
Gravel
1mm +
Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized particles are collectively called mudrocks, and are the most abundant sedimentary rocks.

16. Facies Changes

17. Plant Fragments Are Often Visible in Coal

18. Diagenesis

19. What Rocks Tell Us Rock Type How Classified What it Tells Us Igneous
Composition
Tectonic Setting
Texture
Cooling History
Sedimentary
Chemical Composition
Surface Environment
Grain Size
Energy of Environment
Metamorphic
Original Rock Type
Mineral Makeup
Temperature, Pressure
Degree of Change