1. Vertebrate Zoology Mr. Walker BHS
Rodents
Vertebrate Zoology
Mr. Walker
BHS

2. Order: Rodentia
The single largest group of mammals is the Rodentia. Most non-flying mammals are rodents:
There are about 1,500 living rodent species (out of about 4,000 living mammals overall). 

3. Household pets?
Most people are familiar with mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, which are commonly kept as pets. 
Also includes beavers, muskrats, porcupines, woodchucks, chipmunks, squirrels, prairie dogs, marmots, chinchillas, voles, lemmings, and many others. 

4. Diversity
Rodents are found native on all continents except Antarctica. One particular family of rodents, the Muridae, contains over 1100 species: over a quarter of all mammal species are rats, mice, voles, muskrats, lemmings, hamsters, gerbils, and other members of the Muridae.
The capybara (shown at left), yet another South American species, is the largest living rodent. About the size of a pig, and reaching a maximum weight of 50 kg (110 pounds), the capybara is truly a rodent of unusual size. Capybaras live along rivers in the llanos (plains) of South America, and are often hunted or even ranched for their meat.

5. Structural Adaptations
Despite their great species diversity, all rodents share common features.
Rodents have a single pair of incisors in each jaw, and the incisors grow continually throughout life. The incisors have thick enamel layers on the front but not on the back; this causes them to retain their chisel shape as they are worn down. Behind the incisors is a large gap in the tooth rows, ordiastema; there are no canines, and typically only a few molars at the rear of the jaws. Rodents gnaw with their incisors by pushing the lower jaw forward, and chew with the molars by pulling the lower jaw backwards.
In conjunction with these chewing patterns, rodents have large and complex jaw musculature, with modifications to the skull and jaws to accommodate it. 

6. Habitat
Like some other mammal taxa, but unlike rabbits and other lagomorphs, male rodents have a baculum (penis bone).
Most rodents are herbivorous, but some are omnivorous, and others prey on insects. Rodents show a wide range of lifestyles, ranging from burrowing forms such as gophers and mole rats to tree-dwelling squirrels and gliding "flying" squirrels, from aquatic capybaras and muskrats to desert specialists such as kangaroo rats and jerboas, and from solitary organisms such as porcupines to highly social organisms living in extensive colonies, such as prairie dogs (left) and naked mole rats.

7. Disease (Dz) carriers
Rodents cost billions of dollars in lost crops each year, and some are carriers of human diseases such as bubonic plague, typhus, and Hanta fever.
However, various rodent species are economically important as sources of food or fur in many parts of the world, and others are used extensively in biomedical research.

8. Evolution
Rodents evolved some time around the end of the Cretaceous period about 65 million years ago.

9. Idaho Squirrels
Red Squirrels
Fox Squirrels