1. BASIC GEOGRAPHY
Geography is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment
The name geography comes from GEO meaning earth and GRAPHICA meaning description.

2. 2 Branches of Geography Physical Geography Human (Cultural) Geography
Study of earth’s physical processes
Geology – rocks and earth formations
Environmental science – human interaction with the environment
Topography – earth’s features
Cartography – map making.
Human (Cultural) Geography
Characteristics of human activities
Politics – governments
History – significant events
Economics – how use resources
Sociology – human societies
Urban – cities
Demographics – human population statistics

3. 5 Oceans – Southern, Arctic, Pacific, Indian, Atlantic
7 continents – Africa, Asia, Antarctica, South America, North America, Europe & Australia
5 Oceans – Southern, Arctic, Pacific, Indian, Atlantic

4. Latitude AKA: Parallels
Numbers get higher the further North or South you move away from the Equator
Latitude lines measure North or South of the Equator
Zero Degrees Latitude is the Equator
90 Degree North (North Pole)
90 Degrees South (South Pole)

5. Zero Degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian
Zero Degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian degrees East or West is the International Date Line
By international agreement - 0 degrees longitude runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
Numbers get higher the farther you move either East of West
Longitude lines measure East or West of the Prime Meridian
Longitude
AKA- Meridians

6. MEMORIZE THESE LINES!!
KNOW: Equator, 2 Tropics, 2 Circles, 2 Poles and their latitudes!!!!

7. Where lines of latitude and longitude cross they form a pattern known as a GRID SYSTEM.
(a global address)
Absolute Location- a place found at a precise point
Ex.) Toyko, Japan is at 36 N Latitude and 140 E Longitude
Relative Location- is the location of one place in relation to another
Ex.) Sonic is across the street from Kroger

8. Hemisheres
If you cut the Earth through the Equator you would get two halves, the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
If you cut the Earth through the Prime Meridian you would get two halves, the Western and Eastern Hemisphere
The US is in the Western Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere
Each degree of the earth is equal to 1/360 of the earth. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes (‘). Each minute = 60 seconds (“)

9. Globe - Scale model of the earth.
YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE VOCABULARY ON PAGES 14 – 15!

10. TODALS - Must be on every map !!!
Parts of the Map
T – Title (top of map – where, what type of map, and when it is showing)
O – Orientation (compass rose – n,s,w,e)
D – Date created (bottom right corner)
A – Author (who made it – bottom right corner)
L – Legend (key) explains symbols, shapes, numbers, abbreviations used on the map
S – Source (where did you get your information)
I - Index of all the places on the map
G – Grid is the pattern on the map to make location easier (latitude & longitude usually).
S – Scale (how big is the map compared to real life)
TODALS - Must be on every map !!!

11. Map Scale Small Scale Maps- Show large area with little detail
Large Scale Maps- Show small area with a lot of detail

12. Large Scale Map

13. Small Scale Map

14. Types of Maps General Purpose Maps Special Purpose Maps
Reading a Map see Pg 8-9
General Purpose Maps
Show a wide variety of information
Physical Maps- Show topography (shape) of earths physical features
Political Maps- Show boundaries between countries. Also may show cities, capitals, roads, railroads. Think man made!
Special Purpose Maps
Emphasize a single idea or a particular kind of information
Economic Activity Map- Shows the distribution of land use and natural resources.

18. How do you make a sphere flat?
Globes to Maps
All maps have distortion because you are trying to take a 3-D sphere and make it into a flat map. Distance, direction, shape, and size of land masses can be distorted.
How do you make a sphere flat?
Cartographer- Mapmakers
(Go-cartographer)
Three basic categories are;
Planar, Cylindrical, Conic
Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection Map

19. Planar Projection (Azimuthal) Pro’s- 1) Accurate at center
2) Every line is a line of true direction
and represent the shortest distance
Con’s- 1) Distorts shape
Planar Projection
(Azimuthal)

20. Pro’s- 1) Accurate near the equator
2) Shows direction and true shape
Con’s- 1) Distorted near poles
Cylindrical

21. Conic Pro’s- 1) Limited east-west areas not too far from the Equator
2) Indicates distances and directions fairly accurately
Con’s- 1) Distorts toward poles
2) Only shows one hemisphere at a time
Conic

22. Common Map Projections
Winkle-Tripel Projection- good balance of size and shape of land areas. The poles have little distortion. National Geographic Society adopted this map type as the standard in Computer generated
Robinson Projection- Little distortion, most distortion appear at poles. More oval than Winkle-Tripel. Computer generated.

23. Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection- True size and shape of land, but distances are distorted
Mercator Projection- Accurate at equator, but distorts size and distance as you move away from equator. Accurately shows true direction, good for sea travel and navigation.

24. 30 04' 18.82" N
95 12' 59.89" W
Absolute Location

25. Relative Location
Pizza Hut is near the pyramids in Egypt

26. Places and Regions
Place- a particular space with physical and human meaning.
Region- areas united by specific factors
Formal (uniform)- common characteristic such as a product
Ex.- The Cornbelt
Functional- is an urban central point (core) and surrounding area (periphery) that are connected to it.
Ex- New Caney is in Houston’s functional region
Perceptual- is defined by popular feelings and images
Ex.- “Heartland”

27. Great Circle Routes Shortest distance between two points on a map!
Maps distort distance, for example it may look shorter to travel between two areas on a map than it really is.