1. Unit 1 Flashcards [Biochemistry]

2. What are the 6 Biological Elements?P S

3. What are the 4 Biomolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. What is ATP?
Adenosin Triphosphate
Energy storing molecule

5. How do you release energy from ATP?
Remove a phosphate

6. How do you store energy in ATP?
Bond / Add a phosphate

7. What are all of the Characteristics of Life?
Maintain homeostasis
Metabolize nutrients + Excrete Waste
Respond + Adapt
Contain a Genetic Code + Reproduce

8. Are Viruses Living? No They cannot… Reproduce Maintain Homeostasis
Metabolize / Excrete
… on their own

9. What are atoms?
Basic units of matter

10. What are cells?
Basic units of life

11. What is Kinetic Energy?
Energy being used right now in a cell

12. What is Chemical Potential Energy?
Energy stored in the bonds of molecules

13. What element is an organic molecule made of?
carbon

14. What is a Monomer?
The basic unit / building block that makes up larger molecules.

15. What are Polymers?
Larger molecules (made of monomers)

16. List out the levels of biological organization:
Atoms / Molecules
Organelles / Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

17. What is the Monomer of a Carbohydrate?
monosaccharide

18. What is the Polymer of a Carbohydrate?
polysaccharide

19. What is the function of Carbohydrates?
Provide immediate / intermediate energy

20. Why do Polysaccharides provide more energy for you?
They have more bonds

21. What are the Monomers for Lipids?
Fatty Acids + Glycerol

22. What are some Lipid Polymers?
Phospholipid
Neutral Fat

23. What is the function of a Lipid?
Provide long term energy storage

24. What is the Monomer for a Protein?
Amino acid

25. What is the Polymer of an Amino Acid?
Polypeptide
Enzymes

26. What is the Function of Proteins?
Express DNA code
Catalyze reactions

27. What does it mean to denature a protein?
Change the shape, and function of the protein…
…the protein stops working!

28. What denatures a protein?
Heat
Acid

29. What happens when you mix Liver and Hydrogen Peroxide?
Bubbles
Enzyme in Liver (Catalase) breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide

30. What is the Monomer for a Nucleic Acid?
nucleotide

31. What are the Polymers of Nucleic Acids?
DNA
RNA

32. What is the Function of a Nucleic Acid?
Store the genetic code of a cell

33. What does “polar” mean?
The molecule has an uneven distribution of charges across its length….
… One end is more positive … One end is more negative

34. Unit 2 Flashcards [Cells & Cell Processes]

35. What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?
Cell are the basic units of life
All living things are made of cells
Cells come from other cells

36. What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with one another.
Chloroplasts + Mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that then lived inside larger cells.

37. What is a Prokaryotic Cell?
Cell without a nucleus

38. What is a Eukaryotic Cell?
A cell with a nucleus

39. What is a Unicellular Organism?
An organism made of only one cell

40. What is a Multicellular Organism?
An organism made of many specialized cells

41. What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from high to low concentration.
NO Energy
Goes until it reaches equilirium

42. What is Osmosis?
The movement of Water particles from high to low concentration.
NO Energy
Goes until reaching equilibrium

43. What is Active Transport?
The forced movement of particles across the cell membrane.
USES ENERGY

44. What is Facilitated Diffusion?
The assisted movement of larger particles across the cell membrane.
Through protein channels.
No Energy.

45. What is Endocytosis? Pinching off of cell membrane…
Bringing materials INTO cell

46. What is Exocytosis?
Pinching off of cell membrane…
Pushing OUT waste

47. Describe a Hypertonic Cell…
There is MORE water inside the cell, than outside.

48. How will water move in a Hypertonic cell?
Water will move from HIGH  LOW.
Water will leave / exit the cell.

49. Describe a Hypotonic Cell…
There is LESS water inside the cell, than outside.

50. How will water move in a Hypotonic cell?
Water moves HIGH  LOW.
Water will move INTO the cell.

51. Describe an Isotonic Cell…
There is an equal amount of water inside and outside the cell.
The cell will not fill or lose water…

52. What is a cell membrane made of?
Phospholipid Bilayer

53. Name the Organelles in this picture:
1- golgi body 2- endoplasmic reticulum 3- lysosome / peroxisome 4- ribosomes 5- ribosomes 6- mitochondria 7- lysosome / peroxisome 8- cell membrane 9- nucleus 10- centrioles

54. Name the Function of the Organelles in this picture:
1- Package + Ship proteins 2- Fold proteins 3- Lysosomes use Lysozyme to break down cell parts / toxins Peroxisomes use Catalase to break down Hydrogen Peroxide 4- Assemble amino acids to make a protein 5- (same as #4) 6- Complete cellular respiration to make ATP 7- (see #3) 8- Control what enters / exits 9- Store DNA / genetic code 10- Organize DNA during division

55. Name the Organelles in this picture:
1- Nucleus 2- endoplasmic reticulum 3- vacuole 4- mitochondria 5- chloroplast 6- cell membrane 7- cell wall

56. Which of the organelles below are unique to PLANTS?
#3 #5 #7

57. Name the Function of the Organelles in this picture:
1- store DNA / genetic code 2- fold proteins 3- store water + maintain cell shape 4- Complete cell. Respiration to make ATP 5- Complete Photosynthesis to convert SUNlight into Sugar + Oxygen 6- Control what enters / exits 7- Extra support + protection

58. What is Hydrolysis? A cell process in which water is ADDED…
Polymer  Monomer
Energy released from broken bonds

59. What is Dehydration Synthesis?
A cell process in which water is REMOVED…
Monomers  Polymer
Energy stored in new bonds

60. What does this diagram show?
Dehydration Synthesis
Water is being removed
Monomers  Polymers
Energy stored in new bonds

61. What does this diagram show?
Hydrolysis
Water added
Polymer  Monomers
Energy released from broken bonds

62. Unit 3 Flashcards [Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration]

63. What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis?
Sun + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

64. In words, What is Photosynthesis?
The reacting of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water…
…. Producing glucose and oxygen.

65. What are the reactants for Photosynthesis?
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide
water

66. What are the products for Photosynthesis?
Glucose
oxyge

67. Which organelle completes Photosynthesis?
chloroplast

68. How is energy transferred during Photosynthesis?
Energy is transferred from the Sun to the bonds of Glucose

69. How is energy converted during Photosynthesis?
Energy is converted from electromagnetic energy  chemical potential energy

70. What is the overall purpose of Photosynthesis?
Convert the un-useable energy from the Sun  useable energy in the form of sugar / glucose

71. What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP

72. In words, what is Cellular Respiration?
The reacting of glucose and oxygen..
…producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

73. What are the reactants for Cellular Respiration?
Glucose
Oxygen

74. What are the products for Cellular Respiration?
Carbon dioxide
Water
ATP

75. Which organelle completes Cellular Respiration?
Mitochondria

76. How is energy transferred during Cellular Respiration?
Energy is transferred from the bonds of glucose  bonds of ATP

77. How is energy converted during Cellular Respiration?
Energy is not converted
It stays in the form of chemical potential energy

78. What is the overall purpose of Cellular Respiration?
To release the energy from glucose, and store it in the bonds of ATP.

79. How do we rely on plants? We rely on plants to produce:
Glucose / sugar
Oxygen

80. How do plants rely on us? They rely on us to produce: Carbon dioxide
Water

81. Unit 4 Flashcards [Cell Division]

82. What is asexual reproduction?
Reproduction with only 1 organism
Offspring are identical to parent

83. What is sexual reproduction?
Reproduction with 2 parents
Offspring are genetic variants of parents

84. What is Binary Fission? A type of asexual reproduction
Bacteria copy themselves + divide in half

85. What is Conjugation? When bacteria exchange plasmids.
Can lead to antibiotic resistance.

86. What is the Cell Cycle? Process in which cells prepare for division…
Grow
Copy organelles
Copy DNA
… AND actually divide

87. What are the 4 phases in the Cell Cycle?G1 S G2 M

88. Which phases are in Interphase?G1 S G2

89. What takes place during G1 and G2 phases?
The cell…
Grows
Copies organelles

90. What happens during the S phase?
DNA is copied

91. What happens during the M phase?
The cell actually divides

92. Identify each stage in the Diagram Below:
[This shows the Cell Cycle]
A = G1 phase
B = S phase
C = G2 phase
D = M phase

93. Identify each stage in the Diagram Below:
[This shows the Cell Cycle]
A = G1 phase
B = S phase
C = G2 phase
D = M phase

94. What is Mitosis?
Cell Division for nonsex / somatic cells

95. What is Meiosis?
Division for sex / gamete cells

96. Mitosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends…

97. Identify the Mitosis Stages in the diagram:
A – Metaphase
B-Telophase & Cytokinesis
C—Anaphase
D—Prophase

98. What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?
Nucleus dissolves
Chromosomes form
Spindle fibers prepare

99. What happens during Metaphase of Mitosis?
Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell.

100. What happens during Anaphase of Mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate.

101. What happens during Telophase & Cytokinesis of Mitosis?
Chromosomes unwind
Nuclei reform
Cytoplasm splits

102. Meiosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends…
1n / Haploid

103. What happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis?
Nucleus dissolves
Chromosomes form
Spindle fibers prepare

104. What happens during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?
Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
Crossing over

105. What happens during Anaphase 1 of Meiosis?
Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate

106. What happens during Metaphase 2 of Meiosis?
Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell

107. What happens during Anaphase 2 of Meiosis?
Sister chromatids separate

108. What happens during Telophase & Cytokinesis of Meiosis?
Chromosomes unwind
Nuclei reform
Cytoplasm splits

109. How many cells do you end up with in Meiosis?4

110. What is Crossing Over?
Exchange of alleles between nearby homologous chromosomes
Happens during Metaphase1 of Meiosis

111. What is the Law of Segregation?
Each sex cell ends up with only ½ genetic info… OR
Each sex cell ends up with only 1 allele per gene

112. What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Each sex cell ends up with a random combination of alleles

113. What is happening in this picture?
Crossing Over

114. What is happening in this picture?
A-C = Meiosis 1
D-G = Meiosis 2
G = 1N cells

115. What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

116. How many chromosomes should a normal human have?
46 total
23 pairs

117. What are the sex chromosomes of a male?XY

118. What are the sex chromosomes of a female?XX

119. What is shown in this diagram?
Karyotype
Error 
#23 has too many sex chromosomes! XXY!!