1. THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES

2. YOU MUST KNOW…
THE ROLE OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IN THE FORMATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND HYDROLYSIS IN THE DIGESTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE FOUR BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY THEIR STRUCTURAL FORMULAS

3. YOU MUST KNOW… THE CELLULAR FUNCTIONS OF ALL FOUR COMPOUNDS
THE FOUR STRUCTURAL LEVELS THAT PROTEINS CAN GO THROUGH TO REACH THEIR FINAL SHAPE (CONFORMATION) AND THE DENATURING IMPACT THAT HEAT AND pH CAN HAVE ON PROTEIN STRUCTURE

4. CONCEPT 5.1
MOST MACROMOLECULES ARE POLYMERS, BUILT FROM MONOMERS

5. POLYMERS ARE LONG CHAINS OF MONOMERS
CONDENSATION OR DEHYDRATION REACTIONS CREATE POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS. TWO MONOMERS ARE JOINED BY REMOVING ONE MOLECULE OF WATER
dehydration
MONOMERS POLYMERS
reactions
H2O

6. HYDROLYSIS OCCURS WHEN WATER IS ADDED TO SPLIT LARGE MOLECULES
H2O
hydrolysis
POLYMERS MONOMERS

7. CONCEPT 5.2
CARBOHYDRATES SERVE AS FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIAL

8. CARBOHYDRATES EXIST IN A RATIO OF:
1 CARBON: 2 HYDROGEN: 1 OXYGEN
MONOSACCHARIDES ARE THE MONOMERS
EX. GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES ARE THE POLYMERS
EX. STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN

9. TWO FUNCTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES
ENERGY STORAGE
STARCH IN PLANTS, GLYCOGEN IN ANIMALS
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
CELLULOSE IN PLANT CELL WALLS, CHITIN FOUND IN EXOSKELETONS

10. CONCEPT 5.3 LIPIDS ARE A DIVERSE GROUP OF HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES
LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
MADE UP OF 3 F.A. AND A GLYCEROL
FATTY ACIDS INCLUDE HYDROCARBON CHAINS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS. THEY ARE NONPOLAR AND THEREFORE HYDROPHOBIC.

12. SATURATED F.A. HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN CARBONS
TEND TO PACK SOLIDLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
ARE LINKED TO HEART DISEASE
ARE COMMONLY PRODUCED BY ANIMALS
EX. BUTTER

13. UNSATURATED F.A. HAVE SOME C=C RESULTING IN KINKS
TEND TO BE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
ARE COMMONLY PRODUCED BY PLANTS
EX. CORN OIL AND OLIVE OIL

14. FUNCTIONS OF FATS ENERGY STORAGE – YIELDS 9 CAL/GM
PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS AND INSULATION
FAT IS STORED IN ADIPOSE CELLS

15. PHOSPHOLIPIDS MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANE
HAVE A GLYCEROL BACKBONE (HEAD) THAT IS HYDROPHILIC
HAVE 2 F.A. TAILS THAT ARE HYDROPHOBIC
ARE ARRANGED IN A BILAYER IN FORMING THE CELL MEMBRANE
HYDROPHILIC HEADS ON THE OUTSIDE OF MEMBRANE

16. STEROIDS MADE UP OF 4 RINGS THAT ARE FUSED TOGETHER
CHOLESTEROL IS A STEROID AND IS A COMMON COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE ARE STEROID HORMONES

17. CONCEPT 5.4
PROTEINS HAVE MANY STRUCTURES, RESULTING IN A WIDE RANGE OF FUNCTIONS

18. PROTEINS POLYMERS MADE UP OF A.A. MONOMERS
A.A. CONTAIN A CENTRAL CARBON BONDED TO A CARBOXYL GROUP, AN AMINO GROUP, A HYDROGEN ATOM, AND AN R GROUP (VARIABLE GROUP)
PEPTIDE BONDS LINK A.A. FORMED BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
FUNCTION DEPENDS ON THE ORDER AND NUMBER OF A.A.

19. 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
PRIMARY – THE UNIQUE SEQUENCE IN WHICH A.A. ARE JOINED
SECONDARY – REFERS TO ONE OF TWO THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES THAT ARE THE RESULT OF HYDROGEN BONDING
- ALPHA HELIX IS COILED SHAPE
- BETA PLEATED SHEET IS AN ACCORDION SHAPE

21. 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
TERTIARY – RESULTS IN A COMPLEX GLOBULAR SHAPE, DUE TO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN R-GROUPS, VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS, HYDROGEN BOND, AND DISULFIDE BRIDGES
GLOBULAR PROTEINS SUCH AS ENZYMES ARE HELD IN POSITION BY THESE R-GROUP INTERACTIONS

22. 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
QUATERNARY – REFERS TO THE ASSOCIATION OF TWO OR MORE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN INTO ONE LARGE PROTEIN
EX. Hgb - IT IS COMPOSED OF FOUR CHAINS

23. PROTEIN SHAPE CRUCIAL TO PROTEIN FUNCTION
WHEN A PROTEIN DOESN’T FOLD PROPERLY, ITS FUNCTION IS CHANGED
CAN BE THE RESULT OF A SINGLE A.A. SUBSTITUTION – ABNORMAL Hgb TYPICAL OF SICKLE CELL (A MUTANT ADENINE REPLACES THYMINE AND CREATES VALINE INSTEAD OF GLUTAMIC ACID)

24. CHAPERONINS
PROTEIN MOLECULES THAT ASSIST IN THE PROPER FOLDING OF PROTEINS WITHIN CELLS

25. DENATURATION OCCURS WHEN A PROTEIN IS DENATURED WHEN IT
LOSES ITS SHAPE AND
ABILIY TO FUNCTION
DUE TO HEAT, A
CHANGE IN pH,
OR SOME OTHER
DISTURBANCE

26. CONCEPT 5.5
NUCLEIC ACIDS STORE AND TRANSMIT HEREDITARY INFORMATION

27. DNA AND RNA TWO NUCLEIC ACIDS MONOMERS ARE NUCLEOTIDES MADE UP OF
- NITROGENOUS BASES (A, T, G, C, U)
- PENTOSE (5 CARBON) SUGAR
- PHOSPHATE GROUP

28. DNA MOLECULE OF HEREDITY IS A DOUBLE-STRANDED HELIX A, T, G, C
ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES WILL HYDROGEN BOND TO THYMINE NUCLEOTIDES, AND CYTOSINE TO GUANINE

29. RNA
SINGLE-STRANDED
A, U, G, C
IMPORTANT IN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS