1. Cardiovascular System: Blood
Comparative Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia Univ.

2. Blood Liquid connective tissue
Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc.
In fetus, liver and yolk sac are hemopoietic

3. Properties of the Blood
Volume 4-6L (5-6L men, 4-5L women) based on body size (8% of total body weight) pH
5X the viscosity of water
Hematocrit = 45

4. Blood Composition

5. Plasma Composition 90% water 10% suspended or dissolved constituents
Plasma Constituents (10%)
0.9% NaCl + other electrolytes
Nutrients
Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2

6. Functions of the Blood Transportation media Osmoregulation
Acid-Base balance
Protection

7. Hemopoiesis (RBC development)
Rate controlled by erythropoietin secretion
Availability of Fe++, folic acid, vitamin B12 and amino acid precursors for hemoglobin production

8. Formed Elements

9. RBC (erythrocyte) Lives 120 days Non-nucleated biconcave disc
million/mm3
1/3 of cytoplasm is hemoglobin

10. RBCs

11. Hemoglobin

12. Point Mutation in Sickle Cell

13. Sickle Cell Anemia

14. ABO Blood Group Summary

15. WBC Development

16. WBC Development

17. WBC Development

18. Distribution of WBC

19. Neutrophil
Most abundant circulating WBC (55-65% of WBCs), highly phagocytic, 1st to arrive at site of infection

20. Eosinophil
2-4% of WBC, combat irritants that trigger inflammation, phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes, destroy worm infections, limit inflammation

21. Basophil
Least abundant WBC (0.5% of WBC), trigger inflammation, contain vesicles with vasoactive compounds

22. Monocyte
3-8% of WBC, highly phagocytic and chemotaxic, arrive second to neutrophils at site of infection but in more massive numbers, can undergo diapedesis; some take up permanent residence in some tissues (often has a C-shaped nucleus)

23. Lymphocyte
Second most abundant WBC (20-30% of WBC), function in specific immunity, two types: T and B cells

24. Platelet Development

25. Platelets 150-400 thousand/mm3 2-4 mcm in diameter
Function in clotting and vessel repair

26. Platelet Plug and Clotting
Platelet aggregation is increased by the stuck platelets releasing Thromboxane which stimulates vasoconstriction and attracts more platelets to area. Prostacyclin inhibits this and is released by non-damaged endothelial cells
The common clotting pathway

27. Fibrin Clot

28. Comparative Aspects of Blood
highly conserved structures through evolution –hemoglobin with only slight modifications to amino acid sequence between vertebrates
RBCs of most vertebrates are oval nucleated cells
Increase volume of blood in terrestrial vertebrates probably necessary due to air having less percent oxygen than water