1. CELLULAR HISTORY

2. A. Cellular Scientists
Knowledge of cells originated from English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665
Studied thin sections of cork and saw boxlike cavities he called “cells”
Robert Hooke

3. Water flea daphnia found in pond water
Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek examined pond water in 1676
observed “animalcules” or tiny animals
Were single-celled amoeba, paramecium, and other water-borne pathogens
Water flea daphnia found in pond water
Anton
van Leeuwenhoek

4. Matthias Schleiden in 1838 studied plants
cells make up every part of plant – stems, roots, leaves, flowers
Matthias Schleiden

5. Theodor Schwann in 1839 viewed cartilage tissue cells
animals are also made out of cells
Published theory that cells are basic unit of life
Theodor Schwann

6. Rudolf Virchow used work of Schwann and Schleiden to advance cell theory in 1858

7. Apple cells Cell theory
All living things are made of one or more cells
Cells are basic units of structure and function in organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Apple cells

8. Staphylococcus aureus
living organisms may consist of one cell (bacteria) or many cells (plants and animals) that act as a unit or in coordination with each other
Elodea plant
Staphylococcus aureus

9. B. MICROSCOPE STRUCTURE
Microscope: instrument used to magnify very small objects 9 1 2 10
3-5 11 6 12 7 13 8 14

10. Microscope Parts Function Arm
Connects to base and supports microscope head, also used to carry the microscope.
Base
Bottom of microscope, supports it and houses light source
Body tube
Holds eyepiece in place above objective lens
Course adjustment
Focuses microscope by moving stage up and down in large increments
Diaphragm
Controls amount of light reaching specimen, located above light source and below stage
Fine adjustment
Sharpens focus of microscope by moving stage up and down in slight increments
Light source
Low voltage, halogen bulb for microscope, typically located in base

11. Microscope Parts Function Objectives
Primary optical lenses on a microscope that magnify image
Scanning 4X – used to locate specimen
Low power 10X – used to locate specific area on specimen
High power 40X – used to magnify specific area on specimen
Ocular lens (eyepiece) 10X
Lens at top of microscope that eye looks through
Revolving nosepiece
Houses objectives mounted on a rotating turret so different objectives can be conveniently selected
Stage
Where specimen to be viewed is placed
Stage clips
Holds the slide in place

12. Accessories
Function
Cover slip
Square piece of glass or plastic to hold specimen on slide
Forceps
Type of tweezers used to grasp specimen
Slide
Piece of rectangular glass on which specimen is placed; held by stage clips
Wet mount
Setting specimen on slide, covering with a drop of water to stabilize specimen

13. QUIZ – can you name all the parts?

14. C. MAGNIFICATION
Magnification of objective is not total magnification – must consider power of ocular lens, too
Multiply ocular lens by objective lens for correct magnification
Ex: ocular lens has magnification of 4X. If objective lens is 40X, what is total magnification?
4 x 40 = 160X
Ex: ocular lens has magnification of 10X. If objective lens is 100X, what is total magnification?
10 x 100 = 1,000X