1. Communication in Nursing
Therapeutic vs. Nontherapeutic

3. Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Transpersonal
Small-Group
Public

4. Basic Elements of Communication Process
Referent
Sender and Receiver
Message
Channels
Feedback

6. Forms of Communication Verbal
Vocabulary
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
Pacing
Intonation
Clarity and Brevity
Timing and Relevance

7. Forms of Communication Nonverbal
Personal Appearance
Posture & Gait
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Gestures
Territoriality and Personal Space

8. Zones of Personal Space and Touch
Intimate (0-18 inches)
Personal (18 in to 4 ft)
Social (4-12 ft)
Public (over 12 feet)
Social
Consent
Vulnerable
Intimate

9. Professional Nursing Relationships
Nurse-Patient Helping Relationships
Nurse-Family Relationships
Nurse-Health Care team Relationships
Nurse-Community Realtionships

10. Phases of the Helping Relationship
Preinteraction Phase
Orientation Phase
Working Phase
Termination Phase

11. Elements of Professional Communication
Courtesy
Use of Names
Privacy and Confidentiality
Trustworthiness
Autonomy and Responsibility
Assertiveness

12. Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Active Listening (SOLER)
Sharing Observations
Shared Empathy
Sharing Hope
Sharing Humor
Sharing Feelings
Use of touch

14. Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Using Silence
Asking Relevant Questions
Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Focusing
Summarizing
Self-Disclosure
Confrontation

15. Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Asking personal questions
Giving personal opinions
Changing the subject
Automatic responses
False Assurance
Sympathy
Asking for Explanations

16. Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Approval or Disapproval
Defensive Responses
Passive or Aggressive Responses
Arguing

17. Special Needs Communication
Clients who cannot speak clearly (Aphasia, Muteness)
Clients who are cognitively impaired
Clients who are unresponsive
Language barriers
Hearing Difficulties
Children

18. Developmental Aspects of Communication
Infants
Toddlers & preschoolers
School age children
Adolescents