1. Communication in Nursing
Therapeutic vs. Nontherapeutic

2. Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Transpersonal
Small-Group
Public

3. Basic Elements of Communication Process
Referent
Sender and Receiver
Message
Channels
Feedback

5. Forms of Communication Verbal
Vocabulary
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
Pacing
Intonation
Clarity and Brevity
Timing and Relevance

6. Forms of Communication Nonverbal
Personal Appearance
Posture & Gait
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Gestures
Territoriality and Personal Space

7. Elements of Professional Communication
Courtesy
Use of Names
Privacy and Confidentiality
Trustworthiness
Autonomy and Responsibility
Assertiveness

8. Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Active Listening
Sharing Observations
Shared Empathy
Sharing Hope
Sharing Humor
Sharing Feelings
Use of touch

10. Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Using Silence
Asking Relevant Questions
Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Focusing
Summarizing
Self-Disclosure

11. Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Asking personal questions
Giving personal opinions
Changing the subject
Automatic responses
False Assurance
Sympathy
Asking for Explanations

12. Non-Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Approval or Disapproval
Defensive Responses
Passive or Aggressive Responses
Arguing

13. Special Needs Communication
Clients who cannot speak clearly (Aphasia, Muteness)
Clients who are cognitively impaired
Clients who are unresponsive
Language barriers
Hearing Difficulties

14. Developmental Aspects of Communication
Infants
Toddlers & preschoolers
School age children
Adolescents