1. BIOLOGY Vocabulary
Chapter 12 & 13

2. Nucleic acids

3. macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus

4. The 4 Nitrogen bases found in DNA

5. DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and
guanine

6. James Watson and Francis Crick

7. Came up with the structure of DNA

8. double helix

9. The structure of DNA:

10. RNA

11. Single strand of nucleotides

12. messenger RNA

13. Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

14. ribosomal RNA

15. Type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

16. transfer RNA

17. A type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

18. codon

19. Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

20. anticodon

21. Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

22. transcription

23. mRNA makes a copy of DNA with polymerase and separates the DNA strands

24. translation

25. Decoding of mRNA into protein (polypeptide)

26. mutation

27. A change in genetic material

28. gene mutation

29. Change in a single gene

30. point mutation

31. Change in a single nucleotide

32. frameshift mutation

33. Mutations that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

34. Chromosomal mutations

35. Mutation that involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

36. Deletion Chromosome mutation

37. Loss of part or entire chromosome

38. Duplication Chromosome mutation

39. A segment of the chromosome is repeated

40. Inversion Chromosome mutation

41. Mutation where part of the chromosome becomes reversed

42. Translocation Chromosome mutation

43. Mutation where part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

44. Selective breeding

45. Method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

46. inbreeding

47. Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

48. genetic engineering

49. Makes changes in DNA code of a living organism

50. transgenic organism

51. Used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

52. cloning

53. A member of population of genetically identical cells from a single cell