1. From DNA to RNA to Proteins
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
From DNA to RNA to Proteins

3. Genes
Sections of DNA that controls making of physical traits/proteins

4. Types of RNA
Messenger(mRNA)-carries protein making instructions from DNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Part of the ribosome-Makes proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome to make a protein.

5. DNA vs. RNA (differences)
Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate Group
Nitogenous Bases A
T=Thymine G C
_Double Stranded
Longer
RNA
Sugar (Ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous Bases A
U=Uracil(Not “T”) G C
Single Stranded
Shorter

9. Protein Synthesis Overview
2 Main Processes
Transcription-_DNA_ copied into mRNA (nucleus)
Translation-mRNA made into proteins_ ________ (ribosomes in cytoplasm)

10. DNA mRNA Amino acid Protein Transcription! Ribosome tRNA
Translation!!!!

12. Transcription Video-animation

13. Transcription
1. Initiatiation-DNA is unzipped (by RNA polymerase-enzyme) at a gene. “Promoter” initiates copying.
2. Elongation-ONE strand of the DNA template is transcribed (copied) into mRNA using complimentary base pairing.
3. Termination-RNA polymerase reaches “termination Signal”/end of gene. Stops copying.

15. Transcription and Translation video (Bozeman)

18. Simulation

19. Replication
DNA TO DNA
Transcription
DNA to mRNA A U A T C C G G C G C G A T A T

20. Transcribe the following DNA strands.
ATTCGACG
UAAGCUGC
TTACCAGC
AAUGGUCG
TTAAAACG
AAUUUUGC

21. Codon
3 consecutive nitrogen bases on mRNA that specify 1 particular amino acid.

23. FLOW OF GENETIC INFO
Genetic Trait-Blue eyes

24. B A
NUCLEUS C

25. Translation Video

26. Translation -- The decoding of mRNA into a protein
Nuclear envelope
Amino acid
tRNA
Polypeptide chain
Cell membrane

27. Transcription/translation video

28. Decode mRNA to Proteins
Translation
Decode mRNA to Proteins

29. Break the mRNA strand into codons!
Steps of Translation
1. The mRNA strand is broken into codons
(Codon- 3 bases that code for an amino acids.)
AUGCCGAUC
Codon
Break the mRNA strand into codons!
AUGCCCGGGAAA

30. Translation
2.Ribosome reads the codons and translates them into amino acids.
How??
Uses the Genetic Code
Match the first letter on the left
Match the second letter on the top
Match the third letter on the right
Ex: codon AUG
Amino Acid: Methionine

31. UGG- GAA- ACA- UAG- AGC- CAG-
What amino acid goes with the following codons:
UGG-
GAA-
ACA-
UAG-
AGC-
CAG-

32. Example
AUGCCCGGGAAA
Met
Pro
Gly
Lys

33. Translate and write polypeptide (amino acid) chain
DNA- AGGCGGAGGCGG
mRNA-UCCGCCUCCGCC
Amino Acid-Ser-ala-ser-ala

34. DNA STRAND (Transcribe, translate, amino acid) C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A

35. 3. rRNA sends for the tRNA to bring the correct amino acids.
4.The tRNA anticodons match up with the mRNA codons
Ex: mRNA CUG -codon
t RNA GAC -anticodon brings the amino acid methionine attached to it.
5.Amino acids are attached to each other making a protein, until a STOP codon is reached

36. Translation continued
6. Disassembly- Ribosome complex falls apart. Polypeptide chain (protein) is released.

37. CYTOPLASM

38. DNA: ACA TTG TAG CAT
mRNA:
AminoAcids:
DNA: TTT TAC TGG CGC GTA

39. Protein shape video-honors only

40. FLOW OF GENETIC INFO

41. Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p.83)
1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA
2. Ribosomes- RNA attaches to ribosomes (on ER) for protein synthesis.
3. Protein leaves ER and goes to Golgi Apparatus
4. Proteins modified/packaged in Golgi
5. Vesicles release proteins out of cell through cell membrane

42. Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p.83)
1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA
2. Ribosomes/Rough ER- Synthesize Proteins (send to Golgi)
3. Golgi Apparatus- modifies/packages/sends proteins
4. Cell Membrane- carries proteins from Golgi (in vesicles) to be released from cell

43. Which is the correct path of protein synthesis???B C D

45. Path of Proteins-