1. What Is Environmental Science?
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
What Is Environmental Science?
1 Environmental Science is the study of the air, water, and land surrounding an organism or a community, which ranges from a small area to Earth’s entire biosphere.
It includes the study of the impact of humans on the environment.

2. The Goals of Environmental Science
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Goals of Environmental Science
2 major goal of Environmental Science is to understand and solve environmental problems.
a. Use of natural resources.
b. How our actions alter our environment.

3. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Many Fields of Study
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary science, which means that is involves many fields of study.
Important to the foundation of environmental science is ecology.
3 Ecology is the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment.

4. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Many Fields of Study

5. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Hunter-Gatherers
4. Hunter-gatherers are people who obtain food by collecting plants and by hunting wild animals or scavenging their remains. Early Man
Hunter-gatherers affect their environment in many ways:
*******Native American tribes hunted buffalo.
*****The tribes also set fires to burn prairies and prevent the

6. 4a – Was early man responsible for the following animals decline?
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Hunter-Gatherers
4a – Was early man responsible for the following animals decline?
giant sloths
giant bison
mastodons
cave bears
saber-toothed cats

7. The Agricultural Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Agricultural Revolution
5 Agriculture is the raising of crops and livestock for food or for other products that are useful to humans.
Often referred to as the agricultural revolution, agriculture started 10,000 years ago.
The change had such a dramatic impact of human societies and their environment that it is often called the agricultural revolution.

8. The Agricultural Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural revolution allowed human populations to grow at an unprecedented rate.
As populations grew, they began to concentrate in smaller areas placing increased pressure on the local environments.

9. The Agricultural Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Agricultural Revolution
The 5.5 agricultural revolution changed the food we eat.
The plants we grow and eat today are descended from wild plants.
However, during harvest season farmers collected seeds from plants that exhibited the qualities they desired, such as large kernels.
These seeds were then planted and harvested again. Overtime, the domesticated plants became very different from their wild ancestors.

10. The Agricultural Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Agricultural Revolution
Many habitats were destroyed as grasslands, forests, and wetlands were replaced with farmland.
Replacing forest with farmland on a large scale can cause soil loss, floods, and water shortages.

11. The Agricultural Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Agricultural Revolution
6. The slash-and-burn technique was one of the earliest ways that land was converted to farmland.
Much of this converted land was poorly farmed and is no longer fertile.

12. The Industrial Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Industrial Revolution
7. The Industrial Revolution, using machines to do most of the work. A shift from energy sources such as animals and running water to fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

13. The Industrial Revolution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Industrial Revolution
8. In factories, the large-scale production of goods became less expensive than the local production of handmade goods.
On the farm, machinery reduced the amount of land and human labor needed to produce food.

14. Improving the Quality of Life
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Improving the Quality of Life
The industrial Revolution introduced many positive changes such as the light bulb.
Agricultural productivity increased, and sanitation, nutrition, and medical care vastly improved.

15. Improving the Quality of Life
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Improving the Quality of Life
9. Industrial Revolution introduced many new environmental problems such as pollution and habitat loss.
In the 1900s, modern societies began to use artificial substances in place of raw animals and plant products.

16. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
The Industrial Revolution, modern medicine, and sanitation all allowed the human population to grow faster than it ever had before. 10 Copy the Graph

17. What are our Main Environmental Problems?
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
What are our Main Environmental Problems?
11.Environmental problems can generally be grouped into three categories:
Resource Depletion
Pollution
Loss of Biodiversity

18. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Resource Depletion
12. Natural Resources are any natural materials that are used by humans, such as; water, petroleum, minerals, forests, and animals.
Natural resources are classified as either a renewable resources or a nonrenewable resource.

19. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Resource Depletion
13. Renewable resources- can be replaced relatively quickly by natural process.
14. Nonrenewable resources- form at a much slower than they are consumed.
Copy Examples from table

20. Chapter 1 Resource Depletion
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Resource Depletion
Resources are said to be depleted when a large fraction of the resource has been used up.
Once the supply of a nonrenewable resource has been used up, it may take millions of years to replenish it.
Renewable resources, such as trees, may also be depleted causing deforestation in some areas.

21. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Pollution
15. Pollution is any substance that is harmful to living organisms or by excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation

22. Pollution
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
There are two main types of pollutants:
16. Biodegradable pollutants- which can be broken down by natural processes and include materials such such as newspaper.
17. Nondegradable pollutants- which cannot be broken down by natural processes and include materials such as mercury.

23. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Pollution
Degradable pollutants are a problem only when they accumulate faster than they can be broken down.
However, because nondegradable pollutants do not break down easily, they can build up to dangerous levels in the environment.

24. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Loss of Biodiversity
18. Biodiversity is the variety of organisms in a given area, the genetic variation within a population, the variety of species in a community, or the variety of communities in an ecosystem.
We depend on them for food, the oxygen we breathe, and for many other things.

25. Chapter 1 Loss of Biodiversity
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Loss of Biodiversity
Yet, only a fraction of all the species that once roamed the Earth are alive today, and many are extinct.
Scientists think that if the current extinction rates continue, it may cause problems for the human population.
Many people also argue that all species have potential economic, scientific, aesthetics, and recreational value, so it is important to preserve them.

26. 19. Describe “The Tragedy of the Commons.”
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Objectives
19. Describe “The Tragedy of the Commons.”
Explain the law of supply and demand.
List three differences between developed and developing countries.
Explain what sustainability is, and describe why it is a goal of environmental science.

27. “The Tragedy of the Commons”
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
“The Tragedy of the Commons”
In his essay, ecologist Garrett Hardin argued that the main difficulty in solving environmental problems is the conflict between the short-term interests of the individual and the long-term welfare of society.
The example he used was the commons, or the areas of land that belonged to the whole village.

28. “The Tragedy of the Commons”
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
“The Tragedy of the Commons”

29. “The Tragedy of the Commons”
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
“The Tragedy of the Commons”
It was in the best interest of the individual to put as many animals in the commons as possible.
However, if too many animals grazed on the commons, they destroyed the grass.
**Once the grass was destroyed, everyone suffered because no one could raise animals on the commons.

30. “Tragedy of the Commons”
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
“Tragedy of the Commons”
The commons were eventually replaced by closed fields owned by individuals.
Owners were now careful not to but too many animals on their land, because overgrazing wouldn’t allow them to raise as many animals next year.
Hardin’s point being that someone or some group must take responsibility for maintaining a resource or it will become depleted.

31. Chapter 1 Supply and Demand
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Supply and Demand
20. The Law of Supply and Demand states as the demand for a good or service increases, the value of the food or service also increases.
An example is the world oil production.

32. Population and Consumption
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Population and Consumption
Almost all environmental problems can be traced back to two root causes:
The human population in some areas is growing too quickly for the local environment to support.
People are using up, wasting, or polluting many natural resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up.

33. Local Population Pressures
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Local Population Pressures
When the population in an area grows rapidly, there may not be enough natural resources for the everyone to live a healthy, productive life.
In severely overpopulated regions, forests are stripped bare, topsoil is exhausted, and animals are driven to extinction.
In these areas, malnutrition, starvation, and disease can be constant threats.

34. Local Population Pressures
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Local Population Pressures
In developing countries, millions of people are starving.
Yet these human populations tend to the grow the fastest.
Food production, education, and job creation cannot keep pace with the population growth, so each person gets fewer resources as time goes by.

35. Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Consumption Trends
To support the higher quality of life, developed countries are using much more of Earth’s resources.
21. Developed nations use about 75 percent of the world’s resources, they make up only 20 percent of the world’s population.
This rate of consumption creates more waste and pollution per person then in developing countries.

36. Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Consumption Trends

37. Ecological Footprints
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Ecological Footprints
22. Ecological footprints show area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.
An ecological footprint estimates the land used for crops, grazing, forests products, and housing. It also includes the ocean area used to harvest seafood and the forest area needed to absorb the air pollution caused by fossil fuels.

38. Ecological Footprints
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Ecological Footprints
An ecological footprint is one way to express the differences in consumption between nations.

39. Sustainability is a goal of environmental science.
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
A Sustainable World
23. Sustainability- a way that a human population can survive indefinitely.
Sustainability is a goal of environmental science.
24. Contrast developing and developed nations. List 5 differences.

40. Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Bellringer

41. Major Fields That Contribute to Environmental Science
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
Major Fields That Contribute to Environmental Science

42. Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
Bellringer

43. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How do scientists characterize a nonrenewable resource?
A. a resource that is used by humans
B. a resource that can not be replaced
C. a resource that can be replaced relatively quickly
D. A resource that takes more time to replace than to deplete

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is an important foundation of environmental science?
F. ecology
G. economics
H. meteorology
I. political science

45. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
3. Which of the following phrases describes the term biodiversity?
A. species that have become extinct
B. the animals that live in an area
C. species that look different from one another
D. the number and variety of species that live in an area

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Energy from the sun, water, air, wood, and soil are all examples of what kind of energy?
F. ecological energy
G. organic energy
H. renewable energy
I. solar energy

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Population growth can result in what ethical environmental problem, addressed by ecologist Garrett Hardin in “The Tragedy of the Commons?
A. the conflict between water resources and industrial growth
B. the conflict between forest resources and the lumber companies
C. the conflict between political interests and international energy use
D. the conflict between individual interests and the welfare of society

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this graph to answer questions 6 and 7

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What was the total population increase between the years 1600 and 1900?
F. 0.6 billion
G. 0.9 billion
H. 1.0 billion
I. 1.5 billion

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
If the rate of growth from had been the same as the rate of growth from , what would the world population have been at the end of the century?
A. more than 7 billion
B. more than 10 billion
C. more than 15 billion
D. more than 20 billion

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Which of the following characterizes the environmental consequences of the current population trend?
F. More people mean more housing construction.
G. The need for food and resources is growing rapidly.
H. The standard of living has risen around the world.
I. There is no connection between population growth and environment.

52. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How do scientists characterize a nonrenewable resource?
A. a resource that is used by humans
B. a resource that can not be replaced
C. a resource that can be replaced relatively quickly
D. A resource that takes more time to replace than to deplete

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is an important foundation of environmental science?
F. ecology
G. economics
H. meteorology
I. political science

54. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
3. Which of the following phrases describes the term biodiversity?
A. species that have become extinct
B. the animals that live in an area
C. species that look different from one another
D. the number and variety of species that live in an area

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Energy from the sun, water, air, wood, and soil are all examples of what kind of energy?
F. ecological energy
G. organic energy
H. renewable energy
I. solar energy

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Population growth can result in what ethical environmental problem, addressed by ecologist Garrett Hardin in “The Tragedy of the Commons?
A. the conflict between water resources and industrial growth
B. the conflict between forest resources and the lumber companies
C. the conflict between political interests and international energy use
D. the conflict between individual interests and the welfare of society

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What was the total population increase between the years 1600 and 1900?
F. 0.6 billion
G. 0.9 billion
H. 1.0 billion
I. 1.5 billion

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
If the rate of growth from had been the same as the rate of growth from , what would the world population have been at the end of the century?
A. more than 7 billion
B. more than 10 billion
C. more than 15 billion
D. more than 20 billion

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Which of the following characterizes the environmental consequences of the current population trend?
F. More people mean more housing construction.
G. The need for food and resources is growing rapidly.
H. The standard of living has risen around the world.
I. There is no connection between population growth and environment.

60. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
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61. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
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62. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
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63. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Understanding Our Environment
Chapter 1
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64. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
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65. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
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66. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
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67. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
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68. Image and Activity Bank
Section 2 The Environment and Society
Chapter 1
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