1. Animal Structure and Function

2. Thermoregulation Ectotherms Endotherms
Obtain body heat from the environment.
Poikilotherms
Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fish.
“cold blooded”
Endotherms
Generate their own body heat.
Homeotherms
Mammals
Warmblooded

3. Temperature Regulation
Cooling evaporation
Sweating
Panting
Warming by metabolism
Shivering
Adjusting surface area
Changing the volume of blood flow
Countercurrent Exchange

4. The Respiratory System
Direct contact with the environment
Cells have large surface areas with which they can have exchange with the environment.
Gills
Evaginated structures that create large surface areas.
Tracheae
Chitin lined tubes that permeate the body.
Oxygen enters the tracheae through opening called spiracles.
Lungs
Invaginated structures which allow gas exchange

5. Human Respiration Nose, pharynx, larynx Trachea Bronchi, bronchioles
Alveolus
Diffusion between alveolar chambers and blood.
Bulk flow of O2
Diffusion between blood and cells
Bulk flow of CO2

6. Circulatory System