1. Figure 3 Molecular subgroups of glioblastoma,
as defined by distinct genetic and epigenetic profiles
Figure 3 | Molecular subgroups of glioblastoma, as defined by distinct genetic and epigenetic profiles8,21,40. Among the glioblastoma subtypes predominantly found in children (age <18 years), tumours with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)-like or low-grade glioma (LGG)-like molecular profiles are associated with favourable outcomes, whereas the prognosis of patients with histone H3 K27M (H3-K27M)-mutant diffuse midline gliomas is unfavourable. The histone H3 G34 (H3-G34)-mutant subgroup most commonly develops in children and young adults before 30 years of age. IDH-mutant glioblastomas most commonly manifest in young adults between 20–50 years of age and hold the best prognosis of all the adult glioblastoma types. Receptor tyrosine kinase I (RTK I) tumours also tend to occur in young adults. RTK II (classic) and mesenchymal glioblastomas are the most common glioblastoma types in patients >50 years of age and are associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Genes mutated in each subgroup are indicated, as is the approximate percentage of patients with MGMT-promoter-methylated tumours in each group. Chr., chromosome; G-CIMP, glioma-associated CpG-island methylator phenotype; OS, overall survival. *BRAF-V600E mutation detectable in a minor fraction of tumours. ‡Corresponds to the diffuse midline glioma, H3-K27M-mutant, classification. §Mutated in a subset of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. IIMutated in a subset of H3-K27M-mutant tumours. Modified with permission from Elsevier B.V. © Masui K., Mischel, P. S. & Reifenberger, G. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 134, 97–120 (2016).
Modified with permission from Elsevier B.V. © Masui K., Mischel, P. S. & Reifenberger, G. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 134, 97–120 (2016).
Reifenberger, G. et al. (2016) Advances in the molecular genetics of gliomas — implications for classification and therapy
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