1. 1.
Water
( an inorganic molecule necessary for living things)

2. Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, with the force of attraction coming between opposite poles
(- to + ….+ to -)
Due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less dense and able to float + - + - + - - O + H H +
Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most substances dissolve in it.
Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
They are held together by polar bonds which give a slight + and – charge to opposite sides

3. 1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst
1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst. Which property of water causes this to occur?
a. Water is a universal solvent
b. Water changes temperatures rapidly
c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
d. Water is a nonpolar molecule

4. 2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A gives it the ability to attract water molecules?
a. acidity
b. conductivity
c. density
d. polarity

5. Which diagram correctly shows a water molecule. a. b. c. d. 4
Which diagram correctly shows a water molecule? a b c d The Oxygen atom in a water molecule has a ______ charge and the Hydrogen has a _________ charge a. Positive, negative b. Positive, positive c. Negative, negative d. Negative, positive O H O H O H H H H+ H O O

6. 2.
Macromolecules

7. What are Macromolecules?
Macro means “large”
Large molecules that are needed in living systems.
Also called “Biomolecules”
They are ORGANIC, meaning they contain CARBON
The macromolecules important to living systems are:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

8. Four Basic Organic Macromolecules
Three or more= polysaccharide
Candy, crackers
Grains…
Make up cell membranes
Two monosaccharides=
disaccharide
Used for Energy
Make up all sugars and carbs
Steroids, hormones, fats, waxes
Subunits:
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides)
Subunits:
Fatty acids and glycereol
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Glucose created in photosynthesis
Provide energy
Insulation
protection
Four Basic Organic Macromolecules
Important in
All living things
Contain carbon
Used in cellular respiration
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Subunits:
Nucleotides
Subunits:
Amino Acids
Make up DNA & RNA
Stores genetic info
Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
Created by the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Used to create proteins
Make up enzymes
Determine traits
Adenine, Guanine, & Cytosine on both DNA and RNA
Enzymes are catalysts that
Speed up chemical reactions in
Living systems
DNA: Thymine
RNA: Uracil

9. General Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide(glucose) Disacchride (two mono)
Polysaccharide (Cellulose, made of many glucoses)

10. General Lipid: Long chain of carbon and hydrogen with little Oxygen
3 Fatty Acid Chains

11. Primary structure 6 amino acids R H H O R H H O R H H C C N C C N C C
General Protein: small amino acids units attached at various lengths and
fold to various shapes
Primary structure
6 amino acids R H H O R H H O R H H C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C H O H H O H H O R R R

12. Sugar-phosphate "backbone"
General Nucleic acids:
DNA double helix, twisted ladder
RNA single stranded
Sugar-phosphate "backbone" O P
Hydrogen bonds between
nitrogenous bases O P C G O O C P P G O O P A P T O O P G P C O O T OH A P O P

13. The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to
form cell membranes
catalyze cellular reactions
supply energy for the body
provide building blocks for proteins

14. Which of these supply the main energy source used in cellular respiration?
Lipids
amino acids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates

15. The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape
The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape. What is the main structural component of the cell wall of a plant?
Lipid
Cellulose
amino acid
nucleic acid

16. Which statement describes the major role of lipids within a cell?
They cause DNA to replicate
The move RNA in the cytoplasm
The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell cytoplasm
The are the main structural components of membranes

17. A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids
A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids. Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
minerals

18. Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecule?
fatty acids
Nucleotides
amino acids
chromosomes

19. 3.
Enzymes

20. Reactants  Products (substrate) ……………….. Reaction

21. Enzymes:
A molecule that increases the speed of a biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction

22. Substrate Active Site Enzyme *specifically fits into the active site
*is either broken apart or put together
by the enzyme
Substrate
Active Site
*location on enzyme
where substrate(s)
attach.
Enzyme
*complex protein
*initiates the reaction to break
apart or put together substrates

24. Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action
Temperature pH
Amount of Substrate
Amount of Enzymes
Enzyme activity 
Enzyme activity 
Enzyme activity 
Enzyme activity  C
Increasing temp-
Amount of substrate
Too low: slows down
Too high: denatures
(breaks apart)
What is the ideal temp.
For this enzyme?
*too high or too
low denatures
What is the ideal
pH for this enzyme?
The enzymes job is to
work on the substrate.
What happens if the substrate
Is used up?

25. Important One enzyme, one substrate and Every enzyme works at a specific temp., pH

26. What molecules control the reaction rate of photosynthesis?
Sugars
Enzymes
Fatty acids
Nucleic acids

27. Which of these most affected in the cells of goldfish when the water temperature is lowered?
enzyme activity
pH level
DNA base sequence
Salt concentration

28. Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location
The table below lists the enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and the normal pH and temperature ranges of these locations:
Location of Enzyme
Enzyme
pH Ranges of location
Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location
Mouth
Salivary amylase
Stomach
Pepsin
Small Intestine
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase
According to the table:
What enzyme works best at a pH of 2? Pepsin
What enzyme may have the function of breaking down
sugars in a cracker as you chew it? Salivary Amylase
c. What enzyme will not work (denatures) at 39 0C? ALL