1. The Bones Within Us
Chapter 7

2. Reminders…. How’s it going? We are changing some stuff around….
First, Moving up Chapters 9&10 to next week!!
Then the following week Forensic Anthro & Ch. 11(primate Behavior)
Zoo day Nov.5th I’ll collect money next week
Mandatory you roll, Handout next week
Exams back at the end of class
Number 28 & 31 free questions
Extra credit puzzle today!! Done to pairs of two
Today and for the rest of time, things are looking up

3. Intro Bone is living, so it can and does change
Bones are part of an organism’s genotype and phenotype
There is a lot of variation

4. Functions of the Skeleton
1. support
2. protection
3. movement/leverage
4. mineral and lipid storage
5. blood cell formation and storage
Full info on page 136-7

5. What Can we Tell from Bone?
Age
Sex
Ethnicity??…we will discuss this later as well
Behaviors
Physical activities
Health and diseases

6. Classification, Development, and Anatomy
4 main categories:
Long bones: limbs, fingers, toes
Short bones: blocky, cube-shaped bones of wrist/ankle, and sesamoid bones (small bones within joints), kneecap
Flat bones: cranium, shoulder, pelvis, ribs
Irregular bones: vertebrae, facial

7. Classification, Development, and Anatomy
You can view skeleton 2 ways:
Axial: develops first. Midline structures like skull, vertebrae, ribcage
Appendicular: develops later. Limbs and connections to axial skeleton

8. Classification, Development, and Anatomy
A bone has to grow for the first years of life
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (ends)
Articular Cartilage (covers ends)

9. Anatomical Terminology
Important in discussing or studying bones
3 imaginary planes:
1. midsagittal or medial: equal L and R halves
2. coronal or frontal: front and back
3. transverse or horizontal: upper and lower
PAGE 138

10. Anatomical Terminology
Major terms that will help:
Medial
Lateral
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Superficial
Deep
Proximal
Distal
Ventral
Dorsal
Cranial
Caudal
Know these  Page 138

11. Features of Bone
Human body has 206 bones, so we need to know features to identify which bones are which
Follow along in your lab book

12. Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull
Frontal: forehead
Parietal: “walls,” pair with frontal
Temporal: side of head, houses ear holes
Occipital: back of skull, base, by foramen magnum
Maxilla: upper jaw
Mandible: lower jaw
Zygomatics: cheekbones
Nasals: superior to nasal opening
Sphenoid: behind maxilla and in front of temporal
Mastoid process: bulbous knob at bottom of temporal

13. Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull
Sutures: PAGE
Sagittal: running down midline of head
Coronal: separates frontal from parietals
Squamosal: separates parietal from temporals
Lambdoidal: separates parietal from occipital
Metopic: separates two halves of frontal bone until age 2

14. Teeth We are mammals, so we have heterodont dentition
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Dental formula is 2:1:2:3 in adult humans
2:1:0:2 in children’s deciduous teeth
Tooth is made of three parts: crown, neck, root
More dental vocabulary on page 142

15. Skull Features
Pages have pictures of the skull bones and sutures we just learned
Hyoid bone supports the larynx or voice box. It has no articulation.

16. Axial Skeleton Part II: Vertebrae
Vertebral column has 5 regions
Cervical (7)
Neck; atlas and axis are 1st two and support head
Thoracic (12)
Articulate with ribs
Lumbar (5)
Largest…why?
Sacrum (fused)
Joins with pelvic bones to form pelvic girdle
Coccyx (fused)
“tailbone”

17. Axial Skeleton Part III: Thorax
Bony thorax protects heart and lungs
Sternum
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Ribs
Costal cartilage
7 top ribs are “true ribs” because they connect to sternum
8-10 are “false ribs” because they connect with cartilage
11-12 are “floating ribs” because they connect to nothing

18. Appendicular Skeleton
Postcranial skeleton
Adapted for bipedalism
Muscle attachments: origin is the site where muscle arises; a muscle pulls toward its origin. Insertion is site where muscle grabs a hold of a second bone.

19. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Ours is adapted for mobility. Quadrupeds are adapted for stability
Clavicle
S-shaped, collarbone, support and leverage for muscles
Scapula
Shoulder blade, triangular, moves when you move shoulders

20. Arms Upper limb articulates with the body at the shoulder joint
Humerus
Upper arm, largest of upper body, round head, trochlea (where ulna fits)
Radius
Forearm, head is shaped like circle, attached to thumb, so rotates
Ulna
Forearm, ulnar notch is shaped like “u”, attached to humerus

21. Arms Carpals Hands Wrist, 8 bones Metacarpals (hand)
Phalanges (fingers)

22. Lower Body Pelvis
Pelvic girdle is made of two pelvic bones (innominate) and the sacrum
Pelvis is useful in determining sex and bipedalism
Innominate is made of three bones
Ilium: wings, illiac crest is your hip bone you can feel
Ischium: part that you sit on
Pubis: pointed bone in front
Acetabulum: large fossa where femur fits in

23. Legs Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
Largest bone in body, complete head, linea aspera,
Patella
Sesamoid bone (formed at a joint), pulley system, kneecap
Tibia
Shin bone, malleolus hangs down on outside, no real distinguishing features
Fibula
Long, skinny bone that attaches to tibia

24. Legs
Tarsals
Ankle, 7 bones
Foot
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)

25. Assignment
Lab 7.1
Self-Test 7.1 (omit #13)

26. Assignment
Lab 7.2, 7.3 & 7.4
1-2 For Lab 7.2 number 1, just find the vertebrae, ribs and sternum and study them/articulate them
Do number 2 Omit 3&4
Self-Test 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Lab 7.3
Lab 7.4

27. Bone Challenge
As a table, create a full skeleton from the bones in the boxes
Everyone must participate
Only need 1 cervical, 1 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae
Only need 2 ribs
Make sure bones are connecting correctly
When you are done, I will check it. The first team to do it correctly gets 5 participation points